Bulhary (Czech Republic)

Bulhary
Basic data
State :	Czech Republic
Region :	Jihomoravský kraj
District :	Břeclav
Area :	1516 ha
Geographic location :	48 ° 50 '  N , 16 ° 45'  E Coordinates: 48 ° 49 '53 "  N , 16 ° 44' 55"  E
Height:	170  m nm
Residents :	754 (Jan. 1, 2019)
Postal code :	691 88
License plate :	B.
traffic
Street:	Milovice - Lednice
structure
Status:	local community
Districts:	1
administration
Mayor :	Jiří Osička (as of 2018)
Address:	Bulhary 88 691 88 Bulhary
Municipality number:	584380
Website :	www.bulhary.cz

Bulhary (German Pulgram ) is a municipality in Jihomoravský kraj ( South Moravia ), Okres Břeclav in the Czech Republic . It is located eight kilometers east of Mikulov ( Nikolsburg ). The place is laid out as a street green village.

geography

The village is located on the right bank of the Thaya and reaches in the west to the Milovická pahorkatina , a foothill of the Pollau Mountains , with the hedge forest (373 m).

The neighboring villages are in the north Nové Mlýny ( Neumühl ) and Přítluky ( Prittlach ) and in the south Nejdek ( Neudek ) and Lednice ( Eisgrub ).

history

The layout of the place as well as the Ui dialect (Bavarian-Austrian) spoken until 1945 with its special Bavarian passwords indicate a settlement by Bavarian German tribes, like them, around 1050, but especially in 12/13. Century took place. They brought farm implements made of iron, implemented new agricultural cultivation methods and the high-yield three-field economy .

1244 was the first documentary mention when it was given to the orphans with Neudek and Eisgrub by King Wenceslas to Sifrit. In 1310 sold to Heinrich II. Of Liechtenstein, in 1414 only German residents are recorded in the land register. Radical Reformation Anabaptists ( Hutterites ) can be identified in the village since 1545 . The church was consecrated Lutheran. In 1574 Adam von Dietrichstein bought the village and reintroduced the Catholic faith. From 1585 to 1785 Pulgram was assigned to the Voitelsbrunn parish. During the Thirty Years' War the village was burned down by the Estates in 1619. In 1622 the Anabaptists were expelled from South Moravia, whereupon they moved on to Transylvania . In the land records of 1414, 1560 and 1629 there are changing forms of writing for Pulgram, such as "Bylgrem", "Pulgrvm" and "Pullgram".

A one-class school was built in 1672, with the new building in 1882 it became three-class and from 1908 four-class. Two large fires in 1828 and 1833 destroyed several farms and barns in the village. During this time the manorial farm was closed and the land was leased to farmers. In 1886 a new Thaya bridge was built to replace the previous wooden bridge. The volunteer fire department was founded in 1888. In 1911/12 a gymnasium was added. Most of the population lived from forestry, livestock and agriculture, with viticulture playing a special role. However, the phylloxera plague around 1900 destroyed many vines and so the area under cultivation decreased continuously until 1945. In the village itself, in addition to small trades, there were three brickworks, a milk collection point, a Raiffeisenkassa and a warehouse. Large parts of the property were owned by the Dietrichstein family until the interwar period. Around the turn of the century, some urn graves from the Hallstatt period were found in the area.

Registries have been kept since 1678. Online search via the Brno State Archives. Land registers have been kept since 1781.

One of the successor states of Austria-Hungary after the First World War , 1914–1918, was Czechoslovakia , which claimed the German-speaking areas of Bohemia , Moravia and Austrian Silesia that had been German Austria since the end of 1918 . The Treaty of St. Germain awarded the disputed territories to Czechoslovakia against the will of the German population there. Pulgram, 94.5% of the inhabitants of which were German South Moravians in 1910, also fell to the new state. In 1925 the school became three-class again, as a new two-class elementary school was built for the Czech children. Electrification began in 1929. Measures such as land reform and the language regulation followed. This resulted in an increased influx of people of Czech nationality through settlers and newly filled civil servants. These measures intensified tensions between the German and Czech populations. As a result of the Munich Agreement , Pulgram became part of the German Reichsgau Niederdonau on October 1, 1938 .

After the Second World War , in which 83 Pulgramers died, the community returned to Czechoslovakia on May 8, 1945. The place was occupied by militant Czechs. On the war memorial of the First World War, the pictures of the fallen were removed and the cross at the top of the obelisk was replaced by a red star. Up to 40 persons all local residents fled before the onset of post-war excesses or were in a "wild expulsions" across the border to Austria on May 30, 1945 distributed , with four men and a woman were killed. A legal processing of the events did not take place. The Beneš Decree 115/1946 ( Law on Exemption from Punishment ) declares actions up to October 28, 1945 in the struggle to regain freedom ..., or which aimed at just retribution for the acts of the occupiers or their accomplices, ... not illegal. When attempting a post-war order, the victorious powers of the Second World War did not take a specific position on August 2, 1945 in the Potsdam Protocol , Article XIII, on the wild and collective expulsions of the German population. However, they explicitly called for an "orderly and humane transfer" of the "German population segments" that "remained in Czechoslovakia". Between March 15 and July 11, 1946, the last 40 Pulgramers were forcibly resettled to West Germany . According to Francis E. Walter's report to the US House of Representatives, at no time were these transports carried out in a "proper and humane" manner. All private and public property of the German local residents was confiscated by the Beneš decree 108 and the Catholic Church was expropriated during the communist era . The Czech Republic has not made any restitution .

Coat of arms and seal

The oldest known seal of the place came from the 16th century. It shows a legend with a Renaissance shield in the middle. The sign depicts a leafy bunch of grapes between a plow iron and a vine knife over a fish. After the wars in the 17th century, this seal was forgotten.

A new seal was used from 1764. It shows the capital letters 'BV', under which there is a semicircular shield surrounded by five lilies with two crossed fish. Over the centuries, the appearance of the seal changed several times, with the semicircular shield with the two crossed fish being kept unchanged. During the interwar period, the legend on the seal was bilingual.

Population development

census	Houses	Total population	Ethnicity of the inhabitants
year			German	Czechs	other
1793	101	529
1836	127	728
1869	148	906
1880	164	1,044	1,016	7th	19th
1890	189	1.008	947	49	12
1900	208	1,097	979	108	10
1910	233	1.109	1,049	50	10
1921	247	1,124	979	117	28
1930	288	1,144	940	183	21st
1939		997
Source: 1793, 1836, 1850 from: South Moravia from A – Z, Frodl, Blaschka
Other: Historický místopis Moravy a Slezska v letech 1848–1960, sv.9. 1984

Attractions

• Church of St. Aegidius built in 1580, demolished in 1781 and rebuilt in 1783. Main and side altar by Martin Schmidt ( Kremser Schmidt ).
• Cemetery outside the village
• Rectory (1785)
• Statue of St. John the Baptist
• School (1672)

Say from the place

• The haunted hunter

Personalities

• Alfred Vogel (* 1926). Born in Eisgrub. Grew up in Pulgram. Pedagogue. Local history explorer. Winner of the Federal Cross of Merit and the Josef Freising Prize.

swell

• Wilhelm Szegeda: Local history reading book of the Nikolsburg school district. 1935, approved teaching aid, teachers' association Pohrlitz Verlag, Pulgram p. 55f.
• Alfred Schickel, Gerald Frodl: History of South Moravia. Volume 3. The history of the German South Moravians from 1945 to the present . South Moravian Landscape Council, Geislingen an der Steige 2001, ISBN 3-927498-27-0 , p. 220, 223, 406, 409, 411-412, 414, 417, 421-425, 427-428, 431, 553, 573, 577 (Pulgram).
• Gerald Frodl, Walfried Blaschka: Nikolsburg district from A – Z. Population, corridors, cultivation, monuments, facilities, trade and change, ... Südmahrischer Landschaftsrat, Geislingen an der Steige 2006.

literature

• Loserth Johann: The Communism of the Moravian Anabaptists in the 16th and 17th centuries . Contributions to their history, teaching and constitution. Carl Gerold's son, (1894)
• František Hrubý: The Anabaptists in Moravia Leipzig (1935)
• Franz Josef Schwoy : Topography of the Markgrafthum Moravia. 1793, Pulgram p. 314.
• Johann Zabel: Church guide for South Moravia. 1941, Vicariate General Nikolsburg. Pulgram p. 37.
• Ilse Tielsch -Felzmann: South Moravian Legends. 1969, Munich, Heimatwerk publishing house
• Wenzel Max: Thayaland, folk songs and dances from South Moravia. 1984, Geislingen / Steige
• Felix Bornemann: Arts and Crafts in South Moravia. 1990, Pulgram p. 32.
• Alfred Vogel: At home in Pulgram. 1991, self-published, funded by the Lower Austrian provincial government
• Felix Ermacora : The Sudeten German Questions. Legal opinion. Langen Müller Verlag, 1992, ISBN 3-7844-2412-0 .

Web links

• Cultural database of displaced persons

Individual evidence

1. ↑ http://www.uir.cz/obec/584380/Bulhary
2. ↑ Český statistický úřad - The population of the Czech municipalities as of January 1, 2019 (PDF; 7.4 MiB)
3. ^ Leopold Kleindienst: The forms of settlement, rural building and material culture in South Moravia, 1989, p. 9.
4. ^ Gregor Wolny : The Anabaptists in Moravia, Vienna 1850
5. ↑ Bernd Längin: The Hutterites. 1986, p. 237.
6. ^ Gregor Wolny : The Margraviate of Moravia: Bd. Brünner Kreis , 1837, p. 213.
7. ^ Gregor Wolny : The Margraviate of Moravia: Bd. Brünner Kreis , 1837, p. 199.
8. ^ Walfried Blaschka, Gerald Frodl: Der Kreis Nikolsburg from A to Z, 2006, p. 179.
9. ↑ Hans Zuckriegl: I dream of a vine , Chapter 7, p. 262.
10. ^ Walfried Blaschka, Gerald Frodl: Der Kreis Nikolsburg from A to Z, 2006, p. 180.
11. ^ Wilfried Fiedler, Hans Freising: Contributions to the prehistory and early history of Moravia. 1980, p. 24.
12. ↑ Acta Publica Online search in the historical registers of the Moravian Provincial Archives Brno (cz, dt). Retrieved March 29, 2011.
13. ↑ Bruno Kaukal: The coats of arms and seals of the South Moravian communities, 1992, Pulgram p. 192.
14. ^ Felix Ermacora : The unreached peace: St. Germain and the consequences; 1919-1989 , Amalthea Verlag, Vienna, Munich, 1989, ISBN 3-85002-279-X .
15. ^ Johann Wolfgang Brügel : Czechs and Germans 1918 - 1938. Munich 1967
16. ^ Alfred Schickel, Gerald Frodl: History of South Moravia. Volume III. Maurer, Geislingen / Steige 2001, ISBN 3-927498-27-0 , Pulgram pp. 220, 223, 406, 409, 411-412, 414, 417, 421-425, 427-428, 431, 553, 573, 577 .
17. ^ Walfried Blaschka, Gerald Frodl: The district of Nikolsburg from AZ. South Moravian Landscape Council, Geislingen an der Steige, 2006, p. 216.
18. ^ Charles L. Mee : The Potsdam Conference 1945. The division of the booty . Wilhelm Heyne Verlag, Munich 1979. ISBN 3-453-48060-0 .
19. ↑ Emilia Hrabovec: Expulsion and Deportation. Germans in Moravia 1945 - 1947. Frankfurt am Main / Bern / New York / Vienna (= Vienna Eastern European Studies. Series of publications by the Austrian Institute for Eastern and South Eastern Europe), 1995 and 1996
20. ↑ Mikulov Archives: Odsun Němců - transport odeslaný dne 20. kvĕtna (1946)
21. ^ Walter, Francis E. (1950): Expellees and Refugees of German ethnic Origin. Report of a Special Subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, HR 2nd Session, Report No. 1841, Washington, March 24, 1950.
22. ↑ Moravian Provincial Archives: Gödel Collection, p. 125.
23. ↑ Oberleitner / Matzura: Südmährische Sagen, 1921, p. 101f.