Dolní Dunajovice

Dolní Dunajovice
Basic data
State :	Czech Republic
Region :	Jihomoravský kraj
District :	Břeclav
Area :	1787 ha
Geographic location :	48 ° 51 '  N , 16 ° 35'  E Coordinates: 48 ° 51 '13 "  N , 16 ° 34' 58"  E
Height:	183  m nm
Residents :	1,704 (Jan 1, 2019)
Postal code :	691 85
License plate :	B.
traffic
Street:	Březí - Perná
structure
Status:	local community
Districts:	1
administration
Mayor :	Josef Hasník (as of 2018)
Address:	Zahradní 613 691 85 Dolní Dunajovice
Municipality number:	584428
Website :	www.dolni-dunajovice.cz

Dolní Dunajovice (German Unter Tannowitz ) is a municipality with 1704 inhabitants (as of January 1, 2019) in the Czech Republic . It is located in South Moravia , 7 km northwest of Mikulov ( Nikolsburg ) near the Austrian border and belongs to the Okres Břeclav ( Lundenburg district ). 4 km north of the village are the Thaya reservoirs of Nové Mlýny ( Neumühl ). The place was laid out as a longitudinal forest village along the Dunajovický potok ( Retzbach ).

geography

The village is located in the Dunajovická sníženina ( Tannowitz Valley ) on the Dunajovický potok ( Retzbach ). The Pavlovské vrchy ( Pollau Mountains ) rise to the east, the Dunajovické vrchy ( Tannowitz Mountains ) to the west .

Neighboring places are Horní Věstonice ( Ober Wisternitz ) in the north, Perná ( Bergen ) in the east, Bavory ( Pardorf ) in the southeast, Březí u Mikulova ( Bratelsbrunn ) and Dobré Pole ( Guttenfeld ) in the southwest and Brod nad Dyjí ( Guldenfurt ) in the west .

history

Views of Untertannowitz

In the 11th to 13th centuries there was a great movement of settlements from west to east. Moravia was ruled by the Přemyslid dynasty from 1031 to 1305 . In order to use larger areas for agriculture and thus achieve higher yields, the colonists advertised them with privileges such as ten years of tax exemption (German settler law). By 1150, the area around Mikulov (Nikolsburg) and Znojmo (Znaim) was settled by German immigrants from Lower Austria . The ui dialect that was spoken until 1945 and the layout of the village show that they originally came from the Bavarian areas of the dioceses of Regensburg and Passau. They brought new agricultural equipment with them and introduced the high-yield three-field economy .

The first mention of Donavicz comes from the year 1183. Until the middle of the 13th century the place belonged to the Nikolsburg rule. From 1276 the place came under the administration of the Kanitz monastery. This was dissolved in 1526. The Bohemian King and later Emperor Ferdinand I sold Unter Tannowitz to the Bohemian Vice Chancellor Ziabka von Limberg. A market town developed in 1590 from the large Angerdorf in the winegrowing landscape. From 1542 to 1591 there was a settlement of the Hutterite brothers in the village, which means that the place was considered Lutheran .

After several changes of rule, the place came to Siegmund von Teuffenbach in 1618 and thus under the rule of Dürnholz, to which the place belonged until 1848. In August 1619, during the Thirty Years' War , the town was sacked and sacked by imperial troops. After the beginning of the Counter-Reformation , a Catholic pastor was mentioned again in Unter Tannowitz in 1640. In 1759, farmers were advised to grow potatoes, but they refused to plant this new fruit. It was not until a famine, twelve years later, that the farmers put potatoes on the ground. Between 1787 and 1883 four major fires raged, the plague broke out five times and two famines hit the local population badly. In 1785 the manorial Meierhof is closed and its land is transferred to settlers and hereditary tenants. During the Napoleonic Wars , Unter Tannowitz was sacked by French troops in 1805 and 1809. In the German-Austrian War of 1866, Cholera was brought into the village by Prussian soldiers. In 1878 the volunteer fire brigade was founded in the village. From 1911 to 1912, the main street and the Bahnhofstrasse were paved.

Most of the population lived from agriculture, with viticulture, which has been cultivated for centuries, being of particular importance. In 1900, despite the previous phylloxera plague in 1864, around 50% of all acreage was used for viticulture. In addition to the usual small-scale business, there was also a community brickworks, an art mill, a lime kiln, a steam dairy and a timber shop. In addition, the hunt was carried out in the municipality, which was very productive.

After the First World War , the multi-ethnic state Austria-Hungary disintegrated . The peace treaty of Saint Germain , 1919, declared the place, which in 1910 was exclusively inhabited by German South Moravians , to be part of the new Czechoslovak Republic . In 1922 the place was electrified. The land reform and the language ordinance resulted in an increased influx of people of Czech nationality through settlers and newly filled civil servants. These measures intensified tensions between the German and Czech populations. When the autonomy demanded by the old Austrians was not negotiated and armed conflicts threatened, the Western powers caused the Czech government to cede the peripheral areas, which was regulated in the Munich Agreement , to Germany. Thus, on October 1, 1938, Unter Tannowitz became part of the German Reichsgau Niederdonau . According to the Munich Agreement in 1938, the place belonged to the Reichsgau Niederdonau until 1945 .

During the Second World War , the place suffered 280 victims. After its end, on May 8, 1945, the territories transferred to Germany in the Munich Agreement were reassigned to Czechoslovakia . After the Red Army soldiers left, the place was occupied by non-resident Czechs who took possession of the houses of the German residents. Many German South Moravians fled the harassment that began or were expelled to Austria across the border . The post-war excesses and the expulsion of the local German population resulted in 15 civilian deaths. A legal processing of the events did not take place. The Beneš decree 115/46 (Amnesty Act) declares actions up to October 28, 1945 in the struggle to regain freedom ..., or which aimed at just retaliation for the acts of the occupiers or their accomplices ... 'not unlawful . When attempting a post-war order, the victorious powers of the Second World War did not specifically comment on the ongoing wild expulsions of the German population on August 2, 1945 in the Potsdam Protocol , Article XIII . However, they explicitly called for an "orderly and humane transfer" of the "German population segments" that "remained in Czechoslovakia". Between March and October 1946, the forced resettlement of 1489 Unter Tannowitzern took place. 5 people remained in the place that was resettled. According to the Beneš decree 108, the property of the German residents as well as the public and church German property were confiscated and placed under state administration. With the exception of 50 families, all of the Unter Tannowitzers who had been wildly expelled to Austria were transferred to Germany in accordance with the Allies' original transfer goals. Individuals emigrated to Belgium, Holland, Sweden, Canada, Australia and the USA. Five people remained in the place.

The registers were kept from 1750. Land registers are kept from 1635.

Coat of arms and seal

The village is likely to have had a seal since the market survey in 1580 , but this oldest seal has not yet been found. Only a copy of the seal has been preserved. It shows a tree between two towers, a vine knife is depicted under the tree.

In 1580 the market town received a coat of arms . This referred to the rule of the Lords of Thurn and Valsassina, who had a pinnacle tower in their coat of arms. Finally, Unter Tannowitz received a coat of arms that showed a green fir tree on a green hill between two red tin towers. Here, too, a silver vine knife was depicted below the fir tree.

Population development

census	Total population	Ethnicity of the inhabitants
year		German	Czechs	Other
1793	2,035	-	-
1836	2,556	-	-	-
1869	2,473	-	-	-
1880	2,568	2,556	10	2
1890	2,664	2,652	11	1
1900	2,571	2,571	0	0
1910	2,690	2,689	0	1
1921	2,573	2,515	28	30th
1930	2,778	2,676	65	37
1939	2,796	-	-	-
Source: 1793, 1836, 1850 from: South Moravia from A – Z, Frodl, Blaschka
Other: Historický místopis Moravy a Slezska v letech 1848–1960, sv.9. 1984

Attractions

• Church of St. Egidius ( Czech : Svatý Jiljí, in front of that St. Martin) (1400)
• Trinity Column
• Plague column on the Rochusberg
• Town Hall (1880)
• White Horse Inn (1549)
• Pillory (1581)
• War memorial (1925)
• Memorial stone for Rudolf von Teuffenbach (1936)
• Memorial to Mayor Johann Hemmel

Sons and daughters of the church

• Leonhard Roth , (1500–1541), hymn poet
• Karl Gamperling (1866–1934), General Director of the Austrian Central Bank
• Karl Renner (1870–1950), Austrian State Chancellor and Federal President
• Karl Beck , (1888–1972), Austrian football player
• Josef Ringler (1893–1967), draftsman, painter and husband of the poet Ilse Ringler-Kellner
• Josef Freising (1875–1971), pedagogue, "gymnastics father" of South Moravia, chairman of the South Moravian culture committee
• Hieronymus Nießner (1893–1967), dialect poet
• Hans Lederer (1914–2007), local researcher and South Moravian Culture Prize winner 1996
• Winfried Illsinger (born May 20, 1926), local researcher and winner of the Josef Freising Prize

regional customs

Rich customs determined the course of the year for the German local residents who were expelled in 1945/46:

• The two annual markets were on the Monday after April 23rd and after Lucia (December 13th)
• There was also the custom of the carnival vines. Here vines driven by vineyard workers were handed over to the farmers.
• The Unter Tannowitzer had the nickname "Krotenschnitzer". This expression may have originated from the many toads in the marshland, the Retzbach and the five ponds in the local area.

Say from the place

There were a multitude of myths among German local residents:

• The Teuffenbach ringing
• The Lion of Untertannowitz

Literature and Sources

• Franz Josef Schwoy : Topography of the Markgrafthum Moravia. 1793, Untertannowitz page 91.
• Johann Zabel: Church guide for South Moravia. 1940, Untertannowitz page 21.
• Dehio, Ginhart: Handbook of the art monuments in the Ostmark. 1942, Untertannowitz page 470.
• Mikulov archive: Odsun Němců - transport odeslaný dne 20. kvĕtna 1946
• Josef Freising: Homeland book of the community Unter-Tannowitz. 1952.
• Josef Freising: Homeland book of the market town Unter-Tannowitz. 1966.
• Leopold Kleindienst: The forms of settlement, rural building and material culture in South Moravia ISBN 3-927498-092 .
• Ilse Tielsch -Felzmann: South Moravian Legends . 1969, Munich, Heimatwerk publishing house
• Wenzel Max: Thayaland, folk songs and dances from South Moravia , 1984, Geislingen / Steige
• Felix Bornemann: Arts and Crafts in South Moravia. Maurer, Geislingen / Steige 1990, ISBN 3-927498-13-0 , Untertannowitz page 17.
• Bruno Kaukal: The coats of arms and seals of the South Moravian communities. Knee, Vienna 1992, ISBN 3-927498-19-X , Untertannowitz page 231f.
• Emilia Hrabovec: eviction and deportation. Germans in Moravia 1945 - 1947 , Frankfurt am Main / Bern / New York / Vienna (= Vienna Eastern European Studies. Series of publications by the Austrian Institute for Eastern and South Eastern Europe), 1995 and 1996.
• H. Lederer, F. Gamperling: Unter-Tannowitz 2000. 1999.
• Alfred Schickel, Gerald Frodl: History of South Moravia. Volume 3. The history of the German South Moravians from 1945 to the present . South Moravian Landscape Council, Geislingen an der Steige 2001, ISBN 3-927498-27-0 , p. 231, 234, 376, 406, 409, 411, 421-423, 425, 427, 431, 510, 573, 575 (Untertannowitz).
• Gerald Frodl, Walfried Blaschka: The Nikolsburg district from A – Z. 2006, Unter-Tannowitz page 191.

Web links

• Website of the municipality (Czech)
• Cultural database of displaced persons

Individual evidence

1. ↑ http://www.uir.cz/obec/584428/Dolni-Dunajovice
2. ↑ Český statistický úřad - The population of the Czech municipalities as of January 1, 2019 (PDF; 7.4 MiB)
3. ↑ http://www.planet-wissen.de/kultur/mitteleuropa/geschichte_tschechiens/pwiedeutscheintschechien100.html
4. ↑ Joachim Rogall: Germans and Czechs: History, Culture, Politics Verlag CH Beck, 2003. ISBN 3 406 45954 4 . Preface by Václav Havel. Chapter: The Přemyslids and the German Colonization S33 f.
5. ^ Leopold Kleindienst: The forms of settlement, rural building and material culture in South Moravia , 1989, p. 9
6. ^ University of Giessen (Ed.): Sudetendeutschesverzeichnis Vol. 1, 1988, Oldenbourg Verlag, ISBN 978-3-486-54822-8
7. ↑ Hans Zuckriegl: Dictionary of the South Moravian dialects . Their use in speech, song and writing. 25,000 dialect words, 620 pages self-published. 1999.
8. ^ Wilhelm Szegeda: Heimatkundliches Lesebuch des Schulbezirks Nikolsburg, 1935, approved teaching aid, teachers' association Pohrlitz Verlag, Unter Tannowitz p. 82f
9. ^ Felix Ermacora : The unreached peace: St. Germain and the consequences; 1919-1989 , Amalthea Verlag, Vienna, Munich, 1989, ISBN 3-85002-279-X
10. ^ Johann Wolfgang Brügel : Czechs and Germans 1918 - 1938 , Munich 1967
11. ↑ Walfried Blaschka, Gerald Frodl: The Znaim District from A to Z , 2009
12. ↑ Archive Mikulov, Odsun Němců - transport odeslaný dne 20. května, 1946th
13. ↑ Ludislava Šuláková, translated by Wilhelm Jun: The problem of the deportation of Germans in the files of the Municipal People's Committee (MNV) and the District People's Committee (ONV) Nikolsburg: Südmährisches Jahrbuch 2001 p. 45f, ISSN  0562-5262
14. ↑ Walfried Blaschka, Gerald Frodl: The district of Nikolsburg from AZ, Südmährischer Landschaftsrat, Geislingen an der Steige, 2006, p. 216
15. ^ Charles L. Mee : The Potsdam Conference 1945. The division of the booty . Wilhelm Heyne Verlag, Munich 1979. ISBN 3-453-48060-0 .
16. ↑ Milan Churaň: Potsdam and Czechoslovakia. 2007, ISBN 978-3-9810491-7-6 .
17. ↑ Archive Mikulov, Odsun Němců - transport odeslaný dne 20. května, 1946th
18. ↑ Cornelia Znoy: The expulsion of the Sudeten Germans to Austria 1945/46 , diploma thesis to obtain the master’s degree in philosophy, Faculty of Humanities at the University of Vienna, 1995
19. ^ Alfred Schickel, Gerald Frodl: History of South Moravia. Volume 3. The history of the German South Moravians from 1945 to the present . South Moravian Landscape Council, Geislingen an der Steige 2001, ISBN 3-927498-27-0 , p. 234 f . (Untertannowitz).
20. ↑ Acta Publica Online search in the historical registers of the Moravian Provincial Archives Brno (cz, dt). Retrieved April 10, 2011.
21. ↑ Internet site of Unter_-Tannowitz South Moravia Land an der Thaya ; As of December 30, 2015
22. ↑ Blaschka, Frodl: Der Kreis Nikolsburg from A to Z , 2006, p. 194
23. ↑ Oberleitner / Matzura: Südmährische Sagen, 1921, pp. 119f