Hrušovany nad Jevišovkou

Hrušovany
Basic data
State :	Czech Republic
Region :	Jihomoravský kraj
District :	Znojmo
Area :	2532 ha
Geographic location :	48 ° 50 '  N , 16 ° 24'  E Coordinates: 48 ° 49 '47 "  N , 16 ° 24' 10"  E
Height:	181  m nm
Residents :	3,330 (Jan 1, 2019)
Postal code :	671 67
traffic
Street:	Branišovice - Laa on the Thaya
Railway connection:	Hrušovany nad Jevišovkou – Brno Břeclav – Hrušovany nad Jevišovkou Hrušovany nad Jevišovkou – Znojmo
structure
Status:	city
Districts:	1
administration
Mayor :	Alena Loukotová (as of 2007)
Address:	nám. Míru 22 671 67 Hrušovany nad Jevišovkou
Municipality number:	594156
Website :	www.hrusovany.cz

Hrušovany nad Jevišovkou (German Grusbach ) is a city in the Czech Republic . It is located 26 kilometers east of Znojmo ( Znojmo ) and belongs to the Okres Znojmo ( Znojmo district ).

geography

Hrušovany nad Jevišovkou is located on the left side of the Jevišovka ( Jaispitz ) in the South Moravian Thaya-Schwarza valley basin . The Bruska hill (213 m) rises to the northeast. To the west runs the railway line from Brno ( Brno ) by Hevlín ( Höflein Thaya ), southern between Znojmo ( Znaim ) and Břeclav ( Lundenburg ). Hrušovany nad Jevišovkou station is located two and a half kilometers southwest of the city at the intersection of the two railways. The place was originally designed as a square village.

Neighboring towns are Na Pastvinách and Litobratřice ( Leipertitz ) in the north, Drnholec ( Dürnholz ) in the northeast, Novosedly ( Neusiedl am Sand ) and Jevišovka ( Fröllersdorf ) in the east, Wildendürnbach and Travní Dvůr in the southeast, Hrabětice ( Grafendorf ) and Šanov ( Schönau ) in the South, Nový Dvůr ( Neuhof ) in the southwest, Karlov and Kolonie u Dvora in the west and Pravice ( Probitz ) in the northwest.

history

Sugar factory, 1931

Grusbach Castle

Archaeological finds show that the city area has been settled since the Stone Age. So was u. a. found a leg grave from the bell beaker culture . Also worth mentioning is the discovery of a Bronze Age grave made in 1925 in the area of ​​the brickworks.

The “ui” dialect (Bavarian-Austrian) spoken up to 1945 with its special Bavarian passwords indicates a later settlement by Bavarian German tribes, as it was after 1050, but especially in 12/13. Century took place. The first documentary mention of the place took place in 1131, when the Church in Znojmo three hooves country Grusovaz possessed. In 1159, Vladislav II donated part of the village to the Order of St. John in Prague, who later bought the entire village. After the Austrian invasion of Moravia , Johann von Lichtenburg defeated the invaders near Grusbach in 1331 and recaptured the country in favor of Johann von Luxemburg . A parish and the fortress have been occupied since 1339. During the Hussite Wars , the fortress was occupied by the rebels. It was not until 1428 that Johann Kraiger von Kraigk defeated the Hussites and drove them out of the town. In 1490 the brothers Benedikt and Ludwig von Weitmühl acquired the rule. On April 28, 1495 Grusbach were granted market rights by Vladislav II . These were confirmed in 1524, 1557 and 1622. Sebastian von Weitmühl sold the property to Johann von Pernstein in 1524 . He was followed by his son Vratislav , who sold Grusbach in 1560 to Johann the Elder of Zierotin .

During the Reformation the place became Lutheran. Only after the victory of the imperial troops in the battle of the White Mountain and the beginning of the Counter-Reformation , Grusbach became Catholic again.

At the beginning of the Thirty Years War in 1619, the place was sacked and sacked by imperial troops. After several changes of ownership, Seyfried Christoph von Breuner acquired the Grusbach estate in 1622 and from 1668 Count Michael von Althann became the owner of Grusbach. In 1678 a teacher is mentioned for the first time in the village. After the Althann line had expired, the inheritance fell to the Kammel Edle von Hardegger family in 1840. In 1710 the market rights are confirmed by Josef I.

The registers have been kept since 1676. Online search via the Brno State Archives.

Fires raged in the village in 1783, 1827, 1828 and 1832. Since the old building was in disrepair, a new school building was built in 1788, which was replaced by another new building in 1863. This new building was also not big enough and so it was expanded to four classes in the following years. In 1839 the railway from Vienna to Brno started operating and in 1873 the railway junction with the line from Znojmo to Lundenburg was built near Grusbach . In 1880 the goods came to the Counts Khuen-Belasi by marriage . Two years later, Eduard Khuen-Belasi had the Emmahof palace built on Schönau's corridors as the new family residence.

In 1909, on the way to the maneuvers , Emperor Franz Josef stayed at the richly decorated train station for about 20 minutes, where the people paid homage to him. A little girl, who presented the emperor with a bouquet of flowers and recited a poem, received a gold chain bracelet with 28 diamonds and two rubies. In 1930 Grusbach had 2945 inhabitants, of which 2164 were Germans. Many Grusbachers lived from cattle and agriculture. Viticulture, which has been cultivated in South Moravia for centuries, was seldom practiced and after the phylloxera plague in 1864, the quantities produced never exceeded personal needs. Hunting was also very profitable with 800 - 1,800 hares, 1,500 partridges, 50 - 200 pheasants, 2 - 4 roebucks, 30 - 100 wild boars annually. In addition to the usual small business, there was also a sugar factory, a brick factory, a ring oven, a mill, an agricultural warehouse, two gas stations, a cattle and coal dealer, a bottled beer bottler, two lumber dealers and a soda water and lemonade manufacturer. Before 1914, artillery target practice was held in the open field east of Leipertitzer Strasse.

After the First World War , 1914–1918, which killed 65 residents at the front, the multi-ethnic state of Austria-Hungary disintegrated . The Treaty of Saint-Germain in 1919 awarded the disputed territories to Czechoslovakia against the will of the local population. In 1910, 92% of Grusbach was inhabited by Moravians who belonged to the Bavarian-Austrian dialect area. In the interwar period , newly appointed officials and settlers increased the influx of people of Czech nationality. The land reform expropriated approx. 1770 hectares of the land from Count Khuen-Belasi. As compensation, it received a tenth of the actual value 7 years later. Most of the land was distributed to Czech farmers and new settlers. Between the 1910 and 1930 censuses, the local share of the Czech population had risen from under 7% to 22%. After heightened tensions between the ethnic groups and German demands for autonomy , the Munich Agreement was reached . Thus, on October 1, 1938, Grusbach became part of the German Reichsgau Niederdonau . - The place was electrified in 1930.

After the end of the Second World War (May 8, 1945), which claimed 131 victims, the territories transferred to Germany in the Munich Agreement were reassigned to Czechoslovakia . Anti-German measures by the Czech Revolutionary Guards during and after the end of the war resulted in 17 deaths among the German civilian population. The Beneš decree 115/46 declared all actions until October 28, 1945 "in the struggle to regain freedom" to be legally valid. In order to avoid these excesses , many of the German citizens fled over the nearby border to Austria. In the Potsdam Communiqué, Article XIII, on August 2, 1945, the Allies did not specifically comment on the wild and collective expulsions of the German population. However, they explicitly called for an "orderly and humane transfer" of the "German population segments" that "remained in Czechoslovakia". Between June 22, 1946 and September 18, 1946, 206 German citizens were resettled to West Germany as part of the expulsion of the Germans from Czechoslovakia . 64 Czech and 38 German families were able to stay in the village. Based on the Beneš decrees 108, the entire property of the German residents as well as the public and church German property was confiscated and placed under state administration. The Czech Republic made no compensation for the confiscated assets.

In accordance with the original transfer goals of Potsdam, the USSR demanded the resettlement of all ethnic Germans from Austria to West Germany. 195 of the families who fled to Austria were able to stay in the country. All other Grusbachers were transferred to Germany.

In 1970, with the support of Polish specialists, one of the largest and most modern sugar factories in Czechoslovakia was built near Hrušovany nad Jevišovkou, which today belongs to the Austrian Agrana Group. Hrušovany nad Jevišovkou has been a town since February 1996.

Coat of arms and seal

Due to war damage and devastation, no seal is known to exist before the Thirty Years' War . Not until 1710 does a new seal appear. It shows a shield surrounded by arabesques, two fish swimming on top of each other but in opposite directions, each with two rose petals above and below. Later seals differ only slightly from these.

With the market survey, the place also got the right to wear a coat of arms . But it was not until the 19th century that this coat of arms appeared in specialist literature and in practical use. It shows a blue sign with two silver fish swimming in opposite directions, which are accompanied by four silver rose petals. In the 20th century the rose petals were replaced by stars.

Population development

census	Total population	Ethnicity of the inhabitants
year		German	Czechs	Other
1880	2274	2255	16	3
1890	2162	2126	26th	10
1900	2362	2138	189	35
1910	2569	2371	178	20th
1921	2643	2228	300	115
1930	2945	2164	652	129
1939	2590	2164	426	0
1961	2470	0	2470	0

City structure

No districts are shown for the town of Hrušovany nad Jevišovkou. The settlement U Nádraží belongs to Hrušovany nad Jevišovkou.

Attractions

• Hrušovany Castle, the three-winged originally Baroque building from 1669 was redesigned in a classicist style in 1840. After the Second World War it served as a barracks and labor camp, and the run-down building has been vacant since 1986.
• Baroque parish church St. Stephan, the church completed in 1758 according to plans by Joseph Emanuel Fischer von Erlach replaced a previous building from 1339
• Baroque group of statues of the Holy Trinity from 1711,
• Grave chapel and honor grave of Max Dvořák in the cemetery
• Emin zámek Castle ( Emmahof ), the neo-baroque castle located four kilometers to the west in the forest was built in 1882 for Eduard Khuen-Belasi. The interior was designed by Alfons Mucha .
• Villa of the director of the Rohrbach sugar factory by Adolf Loos (1918)
• Statues (mercy seat on a cloud column, St. Florian (1714), St. Felix, St. Rochus, St. Antonius (1724), Johann von Nepomuk (1714))
• Town Hall (1856)
• Hospital (1878) of the Sisters of Charity of St. Borromeo until 1928, remodeling (1931)
• War memorial (1926)

regional customs

Rich customs determined the course of the year and the life of the German local residents displaced in 1945/46:

• The place was allowed to hold four annual markets . These took place on the Thursdays after the New Year, on the first Thursday of May, after Romanus (August 9th) and after Andreas (November 30th).
• The Kirtag always took place on the first Sunday after St. Laurentius (August 10th).

sons and daughters of the town

• Josef Landgraf zu Fürstenberg (1777–1840), Hofburgtheater director
• Dominik Kammel von Hardegger (1844–1915), doctor and research traveler
• Walter Mondl (1923–2004), politician and civil servant

literature

• Memorial book of the market town of Grusbach (1924)
• Georg Dehio , Karl Ginhart : Handbook of German art monuments in the Ostmark. 1941.
• Emma Brandl: My Hometown Grusbach (1952)
• Karl Hörmann: The Lords of Grusbach and Frischau under the Lords of Breuner (1622–1668) , C. Maurer Printing and Publishing, Geislingen / Steige 1997, ISBN 3-927498-21-1
• Erich Lupprich: 80 years of the Grusbach sugar factory (1931)
• Jan Voženilek: O naší pozemkové reformě Česká národohospodářská společnosť, Praha 1931 (on the land reform of the Czechoslovak Republic) 1930–31.
• Schickel Alfred: History of South Moravia Volume II, 1996
• Jasna Bradíková: 850 let Hrušovan nad Jevišovkou MNV, Hrušovany nad Jevišovkou 1981.
• Peperl Wolf: Unforgotten Grusbach (1986)
• Wenzel Max: Thayaland, folk songs and dances from South Moravia , 1984, Geislingen / Steige

swell

• Felix Bornemann: Arts and Crafts , Grusbach p. 11f, C. Maurer Verlag, Geislingen / Steige 1990, ISBN 3-927498-13-0
• Bruno Kaukal: Wappen und Siegel , Grusbach S. 83f, Josef Knee, Vienna 1992, ISBN 3-927498-19-X
• Anton Kreuzer: History of South Moravia, Volume I, 1997,
• Alfred Schickel, Gerald Frodl: History of South Moravia. Volume 3. The history of the German South Moravians from 1945 to the present . South Moravian Landscape Council, Geislingen an der Steige 2001, ISBN 3-927498-27-0 , p. 273 f . (Grusbach).

Web links

Commons : Hrušovany nad Jevišovkou  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

• Grusbach - Hrušovany on europas-mitte.de - formerly German-speaking South Moravian municipalities in the www (PDF; 147 kB)
• Cultural database of displaced persons

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Český statistický úřad - The population of the Czech municipalities as of January 1, 2019 (PDF; 7.4 MiB)
2. ^ Leopold Kleindienst: The forms of settlement, rural building and material culture in South Moravia , 1989, p. 9
3. ^ Gregor Wolny : Kirchliche Topographie von Maehren Part 2, Volume 2 , S. 143
4. ^ Gregor Wolny : Kirchliche Topographie von Maehren Part 2, Volume 2 , S. 144
5. ↑ Acta Publica Online search in the historical registers of the Moravian Provincial Archives Brno (cz, dt). Retrieved April 2, 2011.
6. ^ Gregor Wolny : The Margraviate of Moravia , 1837, p.226
7. ↑ Hans Zuckriegl: I dream of a vine , Chapter 7, p. 259
8. ^ Felix Ermacora : The unreached peace: St. Germain and the consequences; 1919–1989 , Amalthea Verlag, Vienna, Munich, 1989, ISBN 3-85002-279-X
9. ↑ Otto Kimminich : The assessment of the Munich Agreement in the Prague Treaty and in the literature on international law published on it , Munich 1988
10. ^ Johann Wolfgang Brügel : Czechs and Germans 1918–1938 , Munich 1967
11. ↑ Walfried Blaschka, Gerald Frodl: The Znaim District from A to Z, 2009
12. ^ ^{A b} Alfred Schickel, Gerald Frodl: History of South Moravia. Volume 3. The history of the German South Moravians from 1945 to the present . South Moravian Landscape Council, Geislingen an der Steige 2001, ISBN 3-927498-27-0 , p. 273 f . (Grusbach).
13. ^ Charles L. Mee : The Potsdam Conference 1945. The division of the booty . Wilhelm Heyne Verlag, Munich 1979. ISBN 3-453-48060-0 .
14. ↑ Cornelia Znoy: The expulsion of the Sudeten Germans to Austria 1945/46 , diploma thesis to obtain the master’s degree in philosophy, Faculty of Humanities at the University of Vienna, 1995
15. ↑ AGRANA: Our sugar factories ( Memento of the original from September 29, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved September 25, 2010  
16. ↑ Codex diplomaticus et epistolaris regni Bohemiae Bl. I, p. 115
17. ↑ Historický místopis Moravy a Slezska v letech 1848–1960, sv.9. 1984
18. ^ Johann Zabel: Kirchlicher Handweiser for South Moravia, 1941, Vicariate General Nikolsburg, Grusbach p. 23