Vrbovec (Czech Republic)

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Vrbovec
coat of arms
Vrbovec (Czech Republic) (Czech Republic)
Paris plan pointer b jms.svg
Basic data
State : Czech RepublicCzech Republic Czech Republic
Region : Jihomoravský kraj
District : Znojmo
Area : 1967 ha
Geographic location : 48 ° 48 '  N , 16 ° 6'  E Coordinates: 48 ° 47 '59 "  N , 16 ° 6' 2"  E
Height: 215  m nm
Residents : 1,157 (Jan 1, 2019)
Postal code : 669 02 - 671 24
License plate : B.
traffic
Street: Znojmo - Dyjákovičky
structure
Status: local community
Districts: 2
administration
Mayor : Jiří Písař (as of 2019)
Address: Vrbovec 146
671 24 Vrbovec
Municipality number: 595128
Website : www.obec-vrbovec.cz

Vrbovec (German Urbau ) with 1150 inhabitants is located in Jihomoravský kraj ( South Moravia ) in ( Czech Republic ) southeast of the district town of Znojmo ( Znaim ). The place itself is laid out as a Breitangerdorf .

history

There was already a settlement around the turn of the millennium. In the 11th to 13th centuries there was a great movement of settlements from west to east. Moravia was ruled by the Přemyslid dynasty from 1031 to 1305 . In order to use larger areas for agriculture and thus achieve higher yields, the colonists advertised them with privileges such as ten years of tax exemption (German settler law). By 1150, the area around Mikulov (Nikolsburg) and Znojmo (Znaim) was settled by German immigrants from Lower Austria . The ui dialect that was spoken until 1945 and the layout of the village show that they originally came from the Bavarian areas of the dioceses of Regensburg and Passau. They brought new agricultural equipment with them and introduced the high-yield three-field economy .

The first written mention was in 1237. Over the centuries, the spelling of the village changed several times. So one wrote 1237 "Wrbow", 1243 "Vrbave", 1310 "Urbaue", 1356 "Urbow" and finally from 1633 "Urbau". Already in 1252 the place received several privileges and its own regional court from King Přemysl Ottokar . This regional court was responsible for 23 localities for centuries until 1724. Later the village lost the privilege of being a free farming village under royal protection. So part of Urbau came to the rule of the Bruck monastery and the other part to the rule of Znojmo. From 1512 the entire village was under the rule of the Bruck Monastery. In 1604, the abbot of Bruck monastery renewed the village's vineyard rights.

During the time of the Reformation the place became Lutheran. Only in the Thirty Years' War , after the victory of the imperial in the Battle of White Mountain and the Counter Reformation , the place became Catholic again. In addition to the plague, the village also suffered from the plundering of the Swedes, which, led by Field Marshal Lennart Torstensson , attacked Moravia in 1645. In these years jurisdiction was also transferred to the Bruck Monastery. In 1692, for example, a fratricide who was tried by the original builders themselves had to be extradited to the Bruck Neck Court. This led to riots and the deployment of soldiers. Because of these riots, the leading men from Urbau are arrested and sentenced either to death or to imprisonment. But the original builders want to keep their jurisdiction and submitted several requests to the emperor. After the last request, in 1723, the imperial court declared all the privileges of the place null and void and demanded the corresponding documents to be returned. At first the original builders refused this order, but in the end they gave in and again swore allegiance to the emperor. A fire in 1727 destroyed a large part of the original structure. With the dissolution of Kloster Bruck in 1784, the place came to the Knights of Liebenberg.

In 1841 a fire destroyed almost the entire village. After 1848 Urbau began to grow economically. In 1866, during the German-Austrian War , cholera was introduced by Prussian soldiers. From 1885 the first greenhouse stood in Urbau and the central winery Brno was founded with Bergen, Guldenfurt and Neusiedl . Further wine sales outlets were set up in Znojmo, Brno and Vienna. In 1894 a volunteer fire brigade was established. Due to the conscription of almost all men in World War II, there was a girls' army in those years. Most of the population lived from livestock and agriculture. Due to the favorable climate, fodder beets, potatoes, beans, vetches, cucumbers, tomatoes, carrots, celery, cabbage, salads and asparagus were also grown in addition to various types of grain. Viticulture, which has been cultivated in South Moravia for centuries, played a special role in Urbau. Urbau was the largest wine-growing community in the Znojmo district and the phylloxera plague in 1864 could only damage the local wine-growing area for a short time. Furthermore, the hunt for hares, partridges and pheasants was just as productive. In addition to a flourishing small business, there were two brick factories, a grist mill with a seed cleaning system, two cattle dealers and two wine dealers in the village.

One of the successor states of Austria-Hungary after the First World War , 1914–1918, was Czechoslovakia , which claimed the German-speaking regions of Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia that had been German Austria since the end of 1918 . The Treaty of St. Germain awarded the disputed territories against the will of the people of Czechoslovakia. The South Moravian town of Urbau, whose inhabitants were exclusively German South Moravians in 1910 , also fell to the new state. During the interwar period , high unemployment among the German population, measures such as the land reform in 1919, the language ordinance in 1926, resettlements and new appointments to civil servants by people of Czech nationality led to increased tensions within the ethnic groups. When the autonomy demanded by the German speakers was not negotiated, tensions between the German and Czech populations intensified. With the threat of armed conflict, the Western powers caused the Czech government to cede the peripheral areas, which were regulated in the Munich Agreement , to Germany. Thus Urbau became part of the German Reichsgau Niederdonau from October 1, 1938 until the end of the Second World War .

During the Second World War , the place suffered 80 victims. After the end of the Second World War (May 8, 1945), the request of the ČSR government Beneš was met and the territories transferred to Germany in the Munich Agreement (1939), based on the Treaty of Saint-Germain (1919), returned to Czechoslovakia assigned. Seamlessly the place was taken over by Czech then "partisans" (at that time called for the non-local militant Czechs) and all German local residents "wild" over the border to Austria in August 1945 sold . This resulted in 7 civilian deaths. The Beneš decree 115/1946 protected against a legal review of the events. Four people remained in the place. All private and public assets of the Germans were confiscated by the Beneš Decree 108 , and the Catholic Church was expropriated during the communist era . The Czech Republic has not made amends .

About 10% of the evicted original farmers were able to remain in Austria. The remainder were transferred to Germany.

The Urbau Heroes' Cemetery is located near the site , where, according to information from the German Office (WASt) , the German tank commander Kurt Knispel, who died in 1945 near Wostitz , was buried.

The registers have been kept in the village since 1706. Online search via the Brno State Archives.

Coat of arms and seal

The oldest seal of the place comes from the year 1723. Since the place was administered by two different gentlemen, there were also two seals. For the district of the Bruck estate, the seal had a quartered shield, which shows a plow iron and a plow knife in its fields above, a vine branch and a winegrower's knife below.

The seal of the other part of the village only showed a plow iron and a plow knife with the inscription "INSIGL.DER.ST.Z.VNT.IN.VRBAV". After 1848, the entire village received a uniform seal. The seal shows a leafed grape with a legend. The legend was bilingual from 1919.

Population development

census Total population Ethnicity of the inhabitants
year German Czechs Other
1880 1130 1130 0 0
1890 1089 1089 0 0
1900 1136 1131 5 0
1910 1075 1075 0 0
1921 1067 1044 9 14th
1930 1138 1114 24 129

Community structure

The municipality Vrbovec consists of the districts Hnízdo , until 1949 Knast , ( Gnast ) and Vrbovec ( Urbau ) and the settlement Ječmeniště ( barley field ).

Attractions

  • Parish church of Johannes Beheading (1222), burned down in 1589, remodeling in 1747, altarpiece by Josef Winterhalter
  • Wayside shrines (St. Florian, St. John of Nepomuk, Immaculata)
  • Ossuary, storage room from 1826
  • Chapel of the Immaculate
  • Pestmarterl at Gnast's brick oven
  • Warrior Chapel (1932)

Sons and daughters of the place

  • Hans Zuckriegl (1914–2001), local researcher, author of the homeland book “Urbau, ein Südmährisches Grenzdorf, 1000–1945”, author of the dictionary of South Moravian dialects, winner of the culture award.

regional customs

Rich customs shaped the life of the German local residents who were expelled in 1945/46:

  • One of the landmarks of the place is the valley fountain. Every year on Whit Saturday he was cleansed. One year from the fraternity of the Oberort and the next year from those of the Unterort.
  • Processions take place on August 25th, on July 2nd to Lechwitz, on Whitsun to Maria Dreieichen and on November 1st to the warrior chapel.
  • The Kirtag takes place after August 29th (beheading of St. John the Baptist).

Say from the place

There were a multitude of myths among German local residents :

  • The robber captain Grasl was not a fine man
  • A well of Allah

Literature and Sources

  • Ludwig Goldhann: The district judge of Urbau (1890)
  • Franz Josef Schwoy : Topography of the Markgrafthum Moravia, Vol. 1 - 3, Vienna 1793.
  • Georg Dehio, Karl Ginhart : Handbook of German art monuments in the Ostmark. Anton Schroll & Co, 1941, Urbau p. 471.
  • Johann Zabel: Church handler for South Moravia, 1941, Vicariate General Nikolsburg, Urbau p. 81
  • Leopold Kleindienst: The forms of settlement, rural building and material culture in South Moravia ISBN 3-927498-09-2
  • Ilse Tielsch -Felzmann: South Moravian Legends . 1969, Munich, Heimatwerk publishing house
  • Wenzel Max: Thayaland, folk songs and dances from South Moravia , 1984, Geislingen / Steige
  • Hans Zuckriegl: I dream of a vine lexicon of viticulture
  • Hans Zuckriegl: Urbau - a South Moravian borderland village 1000–1945 (1989)
  • Hans Zuckriegl: Urbau - The fate of a village in the border region around 1982
  • Hans Zuckriegl: Dictionary of the South Moravian dialects. Their use in speech, song and writing. 25,000 dialect words , 620 pages self-published. 1999.
  • Alfred Schickel, Gerald Frodl: History of South Moravia. Volume 3. The history of the German South Moravians from 1945 to the present . South Moravian Landscape Council, Geislingen an der Steige 2001, ISBN 3-927498-27-0 .
  • Felix Bornemann: Arts and Crafts in South Moravia. Maurer, Geislingen / Steige 1990, ISBN 3-927498-13-0 .
  • Emilia Hrabovec: eviction and deportation. Germans in Moravia 1945–1947 , Frankfurt am Main / Bern / New York / Vienna (= Vienna Eastern European Studies. Series of publications by the Austrian Institute for Eastern and South Eastern Europe), 1995 and 1996
  • Walfried Blaschka, Gerald Frodl: The district of Nikolsburg from AZ, 2006

Web links

Commons : Vrbovec (Znojmo District)  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ http://www.uir.cz/obec/595128/Vrbovec
  2. ↑ Český statistický úřad - The population of the Czech municipalities as of January 1, 2019 (PDF; 7.4 MiB)
  3. ↑ http://www.planet-wissen.de/kultur/mitteleuropa/geschichte_tschechiens/pwiedeutscheintschechien100.html
  4. ↑ Joachim Rogall: Germans and Czechs: History, Culture, Politics Verlag CH Beck, 2003. ISBN 3 406 45954 4 . Preface by Václav Havel. Chapter: The Přemyslids and the German Colonization S33 f.
  5. ^ Leopold Kleindienst: The forms of settlement, rural building and material culture in South Moravia , 1989, p. 9
  6. ^ University of Giessen (Ed.): Sudetendeutschesverzeichnis Vol. 1, 1988, Oldenbourg Verlag, ISBN 978-3-486-54822-8
  7. ↑ Hans Zuckriegl: Dictionary of the South Moravian dialects. Their use in speech, song and writing. 25,000 dialect words , 620 pages self-published. 1999.
  8. ^ Gregor Wolny : The Margraviate of Moravia , 1836, s. 126
  9. ↑ Hans Zuckriegel: Urbau - the fate of a village in the border region , 1982
  10. ↑ Hans Zuckriegl: I dream of a vine , Chapter 7, p. 261
  11. ^ Felix Ermacora : The unreached peace: St. Germain and the consequences; 1919–1989 , Amalthea Verlag, Vienna, Munich, 1989, ISBN 3-85002-279-X
  12. ^ Johann Wolfgang Brügel : Czechs and Germans 1918–1938 , Munich 1967
  13. ↑ Walfried Blaschka, Gerald Frodl: The Znaim district from A to Z. , 2009
  14. ↑ Gerald Frodl, Walfried Blaschka: The Znaim district from AZ. South Moravian Landscape Council, Geislingen an der Steige, 2010, Book of the Dead p. 378
  15. ^ Alfred Schickel, Gerald Frodl: History of South Moravia. Volume III. Maurer, Geislingen / Steige 2001, Urbau pp. 218, 297, 434, 562, 573. ISBN 3-927498-27-0 .
  16. ↑ Cornelia Znoy: The expulsion of the Sudeten Germans to Austria 1945/46 , diploma thesis to obtain the master’s degree in philosophy, Faculty of Humanities at the University of Vienna, 1995
  17. ↑ Acta Publica Online search in the historical registers of the Moravian Provincial Archives Brno (cz, dt). Retrieved March 14, 2011.
  18. ↑ Codex diplomaticus et epistolaris Moraviae, Volume II, p. 231
  19. ↑ Historický místopis Moravy a Slezska v letech 1848–1960, sv.9. 1984
  20. ↑ Předpis č. 3/1950 Sb.
  21. ^ Felix Bornemann: Arts and Crafts in South Moravia (1990), Urbau, page 37
  22. ↑ Hans Zuckriegl: Im Märchenland der Thayana, 2000, self-published, p. 128f