Miroslav (city)
| Miroslav | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Basic data | |||||
| State : |
 Czech Republic
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| Region : | Jihomoravský kraj | ||||
| District : | Znojmo | ||||
| Area : | 2660 ha | ||||
| Geographic location : | 48 ° 57 ' N , 16 ° 19' E | ||||
| Height: | 260 m nm | ||||
| Residents : | 2,945 (Jan. 1, 2019) | ||||
| Postal code : | 671 72 | ||||
| License plate : | B. | ||||
| traffic | |||||
| Street: | Znojmo - Moravský Krumlov | ||||
| structure | |||||
| Status: | city | ||||
| Districts: | 2 | ||||
| administration | |||||
| Mayor : | Martin Plechatý (as of 2020) | ||||
| Address: | nám. Svobody 1 671 72 Miroslav |
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| Municipality number: | 594458 | ||||
| Website : | www.mesto-miroslav.cz | ||||
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Miroslav (German Misslitz ) is a town in Okres Znojmo ( Znojmo District), Jihomoravský kraj (South Moravia Region) in the Czech Republic . It is located 22 kilometers northeast of Znojmo (Znaim).
geography
The South Moravian wine town is surrounded by the rolling hills of the Miroslavská hrásť ( Misslitzer Horst ), which serve as vineyards. The hills to the south have been declared a natural monument of Miroslavské Kopce because of their diversity of 342 plant species . The most striking of the hills is the 300 m high Markův Kopec ( Markusberg ) immediately south of the city. The river Miroslavka ( Damitzbach ) has its source in Miroslav . State road II / 400 runs through the town, which leads from state road 53 towards Moravské Budějovice .
Neighboring towns are Miroslavské Knínice ( Deutsch Knönitz ) in the north, Našiměřice ( Aschmeritz ) in the northeast, Suchohrdly ( Socherl ) in the east, Damnice ( Damitz ) in the southeast, Kašenec ( Kaschnitzfeld ) in the south, Hostěradice ( Hosterlitz ) in the west and Míšovice ( Nispitz ) and Kadov ( Kodau ) in the northwest.
history
The first documentary evidence of the town of Mitterdorf comes from 1222, when Ottokar I Přemysl and Konstanze of Hungary donated the wine tithe to the Raigern monastery . The village has been a parish since 1239. The first Jews can be traced back to the place in 1332. In 1384 the water fortress Myroslawa was first mentioned, which was the seat of the noble family of Mirslavs and Myslibořic . In 1387 Sigmund and Hartleb von Myslibořic sold the estate to Hans von Hardegg , who immediately ceded it to his nephew Johann von Kozy. A little later Hans von Hardegg bought the estate back and in 1390 bought Wenzelsdorf ; after his death it fell back to the sovereign. Margrave Jobst of Moravia donated the estate to Wilhelm von Landstein in 1398 for loyal service. In favor of his underage heirs, the Myroslawa estate was sold in 1407 to the children of Marquard Hadač von Duban, who shared it. Margarethe von Duban received the villages of Mitterdorf and Weizendorf ; the festivities Myroslawa with Pemdorf their sisters Lyda and Ursula, who then took their husbands Konrad and Bohunek von Wratišow together. In the course of the 15th century there were numerous changes of ownership, the two shares were reunited. Between 1497 and 1569 the Myroslawa fortress belonged to the Valecký of Mirov. During this time, the fortress was converted into a castle. In 1533 Ferdinand I. raised Misliz to the market and issued a coat of arms. Since in 1454 Ladislaus Postumus all Jews were expelled from the royal cities of Olomouc, Brno, Znaim, Iglau and Neustadt, many of them moved to Misliz . A large proportion of the population, which at times made up half, has been made up of the Jews since the 15th century. The Jewish city came into being. In 1565 the places Böhmdorf, where the parish stood, and Mitterdorf together formed the market town of Misliz . Jiří Valecký of Mírov exchanged in 1569 the estate Misliz with the markets Mitterndorf, Olbramovice and Kubšice , the villages Pemdorf, Suchohrdly , Šumice , Damnice and Lidměřice, and the desert villages Polekovice, Hlavatice and Újezd at Wenzel Hodický of Hoditz against the estate Hostim one. During the Reformation in the 16th century, Misslitz became Protestant. It was not until the Thirty Years' War that the Jesuits made the town Catholic again. During the war itself, the city was sacked and pillaged by the imperial rulers under Heinrich von Dampierre in 1619 and by the Swedes under Lennart Torstensson in 1645 .
After the battle of the White Mountain , the property of the insurgent Hynko Hoditz was confiscated by Hoditz; Georg von Náchod and Lichtenburg acquired the rule of Mislitz in 1626 for 30,000 guilders . His son Ferdinand Leopold sold the estate to Rudolf von Kaunitz in 1661 for 48,000 Rhenish guilders . The following owners were Rudolf Heinrich von Schaumburg and, from 1687, his son Hannibal. In January 1692, his widow Maria Katharina sold a part of the estate from the Mislitz market (Mitterdorf and Böhmdorf with Miroslaw Castle), the village of Wenzelsdorf, a farm, a sheep farm, vineyard and toll for 35,300 Rhenish guilders to Ferdinand von Morzin, who owned it in September 1692 at the purchase price to the Bruck Abbey , which was obliged to sell the goods Althart and Klupitz . The monastery united the Lodenitz estate, which belonged to its founding endowment, with Mislitz and held the rule until secularization in 1784. The town of Mislitz had its own registers since 1695 . A plague epidemic in 1696 left the city dead. In 1763, 1776, 1794, 1798 and 1799 alone, large fires raged in the town and caused severe damage. From 1784 the town received the right to a third fair. In 1790 a Jewish community school opened.
During the French Wars, the French occupied the town in 1805 and 1809. In 1824 Joseph Edler von Hopfen acquired Misslitz, in 1846 his grandson and President of the House of Representatives, Franz Xaver Ritter von Hopfen , inherited the property. Cholera raged in the town three times in the 19th century (1832, 1836 and 1849). As the first Jew of the Habsburg monarchy, the Misslitz locksmith Raphael König received his master craftsman's certificate in 1831.
In 1835 the allodial rule Mislitz, located in the Znojmo district , with the attached Gut Lodenitz included the market Mislitz as well as the villages Böhmdorf , Damnitz , Kaschnitzfeld , Lodenitz , Socherl and Wenzelsdorf . The market Mislitz or Myroslaw , surrounded on three sides by hills, consisted of 144 Christian houses in which 795 people lived. The Jewish community includes 119 systemic families with 706 people who lived in 88 houses. There was a stately castle in the village; in the Israelite community a synagogue, a Jewish school and an inn. The parish, the parish church of St. Peter and Paul and the school, were subordinate to the Wolframitz deanery. Mislitz was the pastor for Böhmdorf, Socherl, Wenzelsdorf, Kaschnitzfeld and Knönitz . Until the middle of the 19th century, Mislitz was the official place of the allodial rule of the same name.
After the abolition of patrimonial Mislitz / Míroslava formed a market town in the judicial district of Mährisch Kromau from 1849 . The Jewish quarter formed its own community. In 1850, 1817 people lived in the market town. From 1869 the market community and the Israelite community Misslitz belonged to the Mährisch Kromau district . As part of the railway expansion in the second half of the 19th century, the Misslitz station was built near Socherl in 1869. In 1899 the place Böhmdorf and also in 1908 Wenzeldorf were incorporated. The palace was owned by the Viennese sugar baron Hardt-Stummer von Tavarnok in 1911. After the First World War , which killed 92 Misslitzer, the multi-ethnic state of Austria-Hungary fell apart . One of the successor states of Austria-Hungary was Czechoslovakia , which claimed the German-speaking areas of Bohemia , Moravia and Austrian Silesia that had been German Austria since the end of 1918 . The Treaty of St. Germain awarded these disputed territories to Czechoslovakia against the will of the German population there. With that, Misslitz, more than 76% of which was inhabited by German South Moravians in 1910, also fell to the new state. Measures followed such as land reform and the language regulation. Many goods were partially expropriated and mainly leased to small Czech farmers and workers. This increased the influx of settlers and civil servants with Czech nationality, whose share of the population increased by 235% between the 1910 and 1930 censuses. In the 1921 census, 4074 people lived in the 845 houses of the Misslitz market, including 2039 Czechs, 1817 Germans and 99 Jews. The independent Israelite community Misslitz / Miroslav židovská obec consisted of 83 houses with 299 inhabitants, including 180 Germans, 63 Czechs and 42 Jews. On September 20, 1923, the neighboring village of Deutsch-Knönitz was incorporated into Misslitz, but further incorporation ( Bochtitz ) was prevented in order to maintain the Czech majority. In 1924 the Misslitz Israelite Congregation was incorporated. In the same year the market town received a German mayor again because the Jewish representatives of the German parliamentary group joined them. In the years 1929 and 1930, requests for a city census were unsuccessful. The growing attempts at autonomy by the Germans led to tensions within the country and further to the Munich Agreement , which regulated the cession of the Sudeten German territories to Germany. Between 1938 and 1945 Misslitz belonged to the district of Znojmo in the Reichsgau Niederdonau . During the National Socialist era, the Jewish community was broken up and only a small number of Jews survived deportation to concentration camps.
In a bombing in May 1945, Misslitz was badly damaged and the Jewish quarter was largely destroyed. During the Second World War , the place suffered 272 victims. After the end of the war, the territories ceded to the German Reich were reassigned to Czechoslovakia . As a result of the harassment and torture by militant Czechs and national militias, three civilians were killed. Many German citizens fled these post-war excesses across the nearby border to Austria. Except for 63 people, the remaining German residents of Misslitz were forcibly evacuated in 1946 . Due to the Beneš decrees 108, the property of the German residents was confiscated . About 30 families of the displaced remained in Austria, the majority were transferred to Baden-Württemberg , and 20 people emigrated to the USA. In 1950 Miroslav had 2,252 inhabitants and received city rights in 1965. Since 1999 the city has had a new coat of arms and banners.
Coat of arms and seal
With the market survey in 1533, Misslitz received both a seal and a coat of arms . The seal shows within the inscription "SIGILL VM: DES MARCKS: MISLITZ" a split shield with a half eagle at the front and a branch with two grapes at the back.
The coat of arms was initially red with half a silver eagle and two natural grapes. In the following centuries the colors of the coat of arms changed depending on the ruler. The last change was made in 1965 by the Czech National Committee. In the meantime, however, it has been recommended to return to the original colors.
Population development
| census | Total population | Ethnicity of the inhabitants | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| year | German | Czechs | Other | |
| 1880 | 3520 | 2596 | 907 | 17th |
| 1890 | 3719 | 2586 | 1100 | 33 |
| 1900 | 3988 | 2370 | 1590 | 28 |
| 1910 | 4148 | 3163 | 964 | 21st |
| 1921 | 4074 | 1817 | 2039 | 218 |
| 1930 | 4417 | 1960 | 2273 | 184 |
Local division
The town of Miroslav consists of the districts Kašenec ( Kaschnitzfeld ) and Miroslav ( Misslitz ) and the localities Václavov ( Wenzelsdorf ) and Pemdorf ( Böhmdorf ).
Attractions
- Zámek Miroslav ( Misslitz Castle ), verifiable as a water festival since 1384 and rebuilt in the Renaissance style at the beginning of the 16th century under Sigismund Valecký von Mirov
- Catholic parish church of St. Peter and Paul (1239), baroque building from 1729
- Reformed Church, the towerless church was built in 1846 after the Edict of Tolerance
- Jewish Cemetery
- Evangelical Church (1846)
- Culture house, former synagogue
- Kaiser Franz Josef monument (1908), destroyed by the Czechs in 1918
- Town Hall (1914)
- Kašenec bell tower ( Kaschnitzfeld )
- Memorial stone for the victims of the bombing of May 7, 1945
- Statues of St. Florian and John of Nepomuk
- Wine cellar
- Radost steel sculpture by Pavel Krbálek, the 12 m high work of art was installed in 2001
- Monastery of the Hedwig Sisters , branch of the mother house in Frischau, with four nuns
Personalities
sons and daughters of the town
- Isidor Neumann Edler von Heilwart (1832–1906), dermatologist and syphilidologist
- Armin Brunner (1861–1929), journalist and writer
- Ernst Müller (1880–1954), Zionist and anthroposophist
- Karl Ruzicka (* 1890) Colonel and knight of the Military Maria Theresa Order
- Klemens Kramert (1909–1979), clergyman and spokesman for the Sudeten German priests in Austria
- Pavel Krbálek (* 1928), sculptor
Lived and worked in the city
- Johann Jahn (1750-1816), Catholic theologian and orientalist, was a pastor in Misslitz
- Raphael König (* 1808 in Edelspitz; † 1894 in Misslitz), the locksmith, was made a master in 1831 as the first Jew of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy
regional customs
Rich customs determined the course of the year for the German local residents who were expelled in 1945/46:
- The Ortskirtag always took place on the 2nd Sunday in September for 3 days.
- The pilgrimage to Maria Dreieichen at Pentecost .
- The pilgrimage to Lechwitz on the Sunday after July 2nd, the Visitation of the Virgin Mary .
- Young and old made a pilgrimage to the Markusberg for the traditional solstice celebration (June 21).
Enjoyment of the city
Although the city name Miroslav is reminiscent of the same Czech male first name Miroslav , the name of the city is grammatically feminine in Czech , similar to ( Mladá Boleslav ). That is why the neighborhood is also called Suchohrdly u Miroslavi .
literature
- Heinrich Slezacek: Misslitz 912 - 1912. (1912)
- Guide to the South Moravian Trade, Trade, Industry and Agriculture Exhibition in Misslitz 4.-11. July 1937. (1937)
- Hygin Elbling: History of the Jewish community Misslitz. (1978)
- Rudolf Jelínek: Miroslav Sedm set padesát let písemních památek. (1972)
- Hygin Elbling: Local history of the market town of Misslitz. (1973)
source
- Georg Dehio, Karl Ginhart : Handbook of German art monuments in the Ostmark. Anton Schroll & Co, 1941, Misslitz p. 335.
- Johann Zabel: Church guide for South Moravia. 1941, Vicariate General Nikolsburg, Misslitz p. 62
- Felix Bornemann: Arts and Crafts in South Moravia. (1990), Misslitz p. 20
- Bruno Kaukal: The coats of arms and seals of the South Moravian communities. (1992), Misslitz pp. 140f
- Alfred Schickel, Gerald Frodl: History of South Moravia. Volume 3. The history of the German South Moravians from 1945 to the present . South Moravian Landscape Council, Geislingen an der Steige 2001, ISBN 3-927498-27-0 , p. 265 f . (Misslitz).
- Walfried Blaschka, Gerald Frodel: The Znaim District from A to Z. (2009)
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Obec Miroslav: Podrobné informace , uir.cz
- ↑ Český statistický úřad - The population of the Czech municipalities as of January 1, 2019 (PDF; 7.4 MiB)
- ^ Gregor Wolny : The Margraviate of Moravia, presented topographically, statistically and historically . Volume III: Znaimer Kreis, Brünn 1837, pp. 390–394
- ↑ Walfried Blaschka, Gerald Frodl: The Znaim district from A to Z. 2009
- ^ Felix Ermacora : The unreached peace: St. Germain and the consequences; 1919-1989. Amalthea Verlag, Vienna, Munich, 1989, ISBN 3-85002-279-X
- ^ Elizabeth Wiskemann : Czechs and Germans. London, 1938; P. 152
- ↑ Chytilův místopis ČSR, 2nd updated edition, 1929, p. 718 Mírkovice - Miřátky
- ^ Hygin Elbing: Local history of Misslitz.
- ^ Johann Wolfgang Brügel : Czechs and Germans 1918 - 1938. Munich 1967
- ^ O. Kimminich: The assessment of the Munich Agreement in the Prague Treaty and in the literature on international law published on it. Munich 1988
- ^ Alfred Schickel, Gerald Frodl: History of South Moravia. Volume III. Maurer, Geislingen / Steige 2001, ISBN 3-927498-27-0 , Misslitz pp. 34, 207, 261, 265, 266, 269, 270, 273, 573.
- ↑ Codex diplomaticus et epistolaris Moraviae, Volume III. P. 275
- ↑ Historický místopis Moravy a Slezska v letech 1848–1960, sv.9. 1984
- ↑ http://www.uir.cz/casti-obce-obec/594458/Obec-Miroslav