Štítary

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Štítary
Štítary coat of arms
Štítary (Czech Republic)
Paris plan pointer b jms.svg
Basic data
State : Czech RepublicCzech Republic Czech Republic
Region : Jihomoravský kraj
District : Znojmo
Area : 2497 ha
Geographic location : 48 ° 56 '  N , 15 ° 50'  E Coordinates: 48 ° 56 '21 "  N , 15 ° 50' 7"  E
Height: 398  m nm
Residents : 618 (Jan. 1, 2019)
Postal code : 671 02
structure
Status: stains
Districts: 1
administration
Mayor : Štěpán Kortiš (status: 2007)
Address: Štítary 149
671 02 Šumná
Municipality number: 594890
Website : www.obecstitary.cz

Štítary (German: Schiltern ) is a patch in the Okres Znojmo ( Znojmo district ) west of Znojmo ( Znaim ) and northeast of Vranov nad Dyjí ( Frain ). The place itself is laid out as a longitudinal tangle village.

Neighboring communities are Šumná ( Schönwald ), Vranovská Ves ( Frainersdorf ), Ctidružice ( Schidrowitz ) and Zálesí ( Schröffelsdorf ).

history

The "ui" dialect (Bavarian-Austrian) spoken until 1945 with its special Bavarian passwords indicates a settlement by Bavarian German tribes, as they did after 1050, but especially in 12/13. Century took place. The first documented mention of Schiltern dates back to 1260. It grew from a Meierhof the rule Bítov. In 1346 Charles IV, in his capacity as Margrave of Moravia, made Schiltern a market town. In 1348 it belonged to the Zornstein lordship , which was owned by Heinrich von Lichtenburg . From 1437 Schiltern belonged to the Frain dominion. In 1522 the landlord Peter von Černohorský granted the citizens the right to inherit their property freely, and in 1539 Ferdinand I gave permission to hold a fair . From 1560 the Protestant faith spread among the local residents, so that Schiltern was soon considered a Protestant place. It was not until the Thirty Years' War and the victory of the Imperialists on the White Mountain that the place became Catholic again. Despite the counter-reformation of the Jesuits from 1620 onwards, Schiltern did not receive a Catholic pastor again until 1640. In 1645 the place was sacked and pillaged by Swedish troops and the general Lennart Torstensson . A school was first mentioned in 1655.

In 1706 a lightning strike triggered a major fire, which destroyed the thatched houses as well as the church and the rectory. Registries have been kept since 1713. Online search via the Brno State Archives. The current spelling of the place name has been in use since 1718. In 1787 Count Joseph von Althan sold a total of 150 Joch Wald to the community. This land was turned into arable land and sold to 83 owners. In 1798 the district of Schönwald was created , which became an independent municipality in 1923. During the Revolutionary Wars in 1805 and 1809, Schiltern suffered from the billeting of French troops. Another major fire occurred in 1835, which killed over 260 buildings and 8 local residents.

A new schoolhouse was built in 1839 and 1840 and expanded in 1883. The volunteer fire brigade was founded in 1893 and an agricultural college for young farmers was established from 1898 to 1899. In 1905 the savings and loan fund was founded, in 1919 the cultural association and in 1921 the gymnastics and choral society. Most of the inhabitants of Schiltern lived from livestock and agriculture, whereby the viticulture, which has been cultivated in South Moravia for centuries, played no role. In addition to the usual small business, there was also a building contractor, a sawmill, a dairy and a seed cleaning plant.

One of the successor states of Austria-Hungary after the First World War , 1914–1918, was Czechoslovakia , which claimed the German-speaking areas of Bohemia , Moravia and Austrian Silesia that had been German Austria since the end of 1918 . The Treaty of St. Germain awarded these disputed territories to Czechoslovakia against the will of the German South Moravians living there . With that the South Moravian town of Schiltern also fell under the new state. In the interwar period , the state measures to settle Czechs in the predominantly German-inhabited areas (later term: Sudetenland) and thus to tensions within the country. With the threat of armed conflict, the Western powers caused the Czech government to cede the peripheral areas to Germany. This was regulated in the Munich Agreement . Thus, on October 1, 1938, Schiltern became part of the German Reichsgau Niederdonau .

In April 1945, two mothers and their children died in an air raid. Shortly before the end of the war, the place was occupied by Soviet troops. There were serious attacks against the civilian population. After the end of the Second World War , which claimed 64 victims among the local residents, the community returned to the Czechoslovak Republic on May 8, 1945 . Soon there were serious excesses by militant Czechs and national militias against the German population and one civilian death. Many Schilterners fled the riots across the nearby border to Austria. On 19 June 1945, the majority of German citizens in a "wild expulsions" on Liliendorf and Oberfröschau was across the border to Austria driven . The victorious powers of World War II took on August 2, 1945 in the Potsdam Protocol , Article XIII, to the wild and collectively concrete running expulsion of the German population not position. However, they explicitly called for an "orderly and humane transfer" of the "German population segments" that "remained in Czechoslovakia". The 13 remaining residents were forcibly relocated to West Germany between July 9 and September 18, 1946 . Five families were able to stay in the place. According to the Beneš Decree 108, the property of the German residents as well as the public and church German property were confiscated and placed under state administration. The Czech Republic made no compensation for the confiscated assets.

The displaced local residents in Austria were transferred to Germany with the exception of approx. 16%, in accordance with the original transfer goals of the Potsdam Communiqué.

To commemorate the expulsion of the German local residents, a memorial stone was erected together with other local communities in Hardegg (Lower Austria) .

Since 2006 the place has again the status of a Městys (Minor town).

Coat of arms and seal

With the market survey, Schiltern received the privilege of sealing with green wax. The seal shows within the inscription "SIGILLVM.OPPI.DI.SSCITAR.1540" a renaissance shield, in it a crenellated tower with two oriel turrets, all three covered with pointed roofs. During the 19th century the tower shape of the seal changed.

A market coat of arms was also presented in 1539. It shows: A silver crenellated tower in red on a green ground, flanked by silver crenellated walls. In the gate a raised golden portcullis, on the tower two oriel turrets, each with a red pointed roof, each with a golden knob with a golden weather vane.

Population development

census Total population Ethnicity of the inhabitants
year German Czechs Other
1880 1116 1116 - -
1890 1129 1125 4th -
1900 1076 1045 24 7th
1910 1040 1021 16 3
1921 1068 956 92 20th
1930 1153 999 125 29
1939 1230 1156 74

Attractions

  • The church, which was destroyed by the fire of 1706, was rebuilt through donations. In 1852 it received two side altars. Next to the church, the 34 meter high church tower with four bells and a tower clock was built. The altarpiece is by Josef Winterhalter, a free-standing rococo tower was built around 1750.
  • War memorial (1929)
  • Kaiser Josef II memorial (1884), removed in 1923

Personalities

  • Alexander Franz Fleischer "(1925-2001)", local history researcher

regional customs

Rich customs determined the course of the year and the life of the German local residents displaced in 1945/46:

  • Every year on the Holy Saturday before early mass, all the cotton balls that the pastor used during baptisms are burned in a pit in front of the church. They must not be treated like normal waste, but have been destroyed by the clergy in a dignified form.
  • The annual markets took place on the Thursday before Shrove Sunday, on the Tuesday before Pentecost, on the Tuesday before the Assumption and on the Thursday before the Conception of Mary.

Say from the place

There were a multitude of myths among German local residents :

  • A Schiltern farmer bought a cow in Pomitsch and went home late at night via Frain and Windschau. On the way he found a cart, he sits down to rest. Suddenly the cart with him and his cow began to drive over hill and dale. The cart was getting faster and faster, the farmer was terrified and he shouted: "Jessas, Maria and Josef, stand by!" No sooner had he called this in his distress when the cart was gone and he was sitting on the ground next to his cow. For the rest of his life, the man avoided this path at night.
  • The people from Baumöhl said that during the reign of Maria Theresa, many Schilterners fell ill with the plague and died of it. Few were left just to harvest the fruit from the fields. The Empress sent cuirassiers to help bring in the harvest. Some stayed in the village and mixed with the rest of the local residents. This may be the reason why the Schilterners were bigger and had "a different kind".

Other legends are:

  • De Schüdauer Klach'ln
  • Mooskui and Mossox
  • The robber captain Grasl and 2 teachers
  • A woman appeared at the ringing of the bell
  • The Aquarius in the saw pond
  • Good advice for doing good
  • The rewarded Schiltern

literature

  • Georg Dehio , Karl Ginhart : Handbook of German Art Monuments in the Ostmark, 1941, Schiltern p. 423
  • Ludwig Wieder: Market Schattau (1924)
  • Alexander Fleischer, Walter German: South Moravia. From Austrian dance booklet 5 , 1988,
  • Karl Bayer: The site of Schiltern (1981)
  • Ilse Tielsch -Felzmann: South Moravian Legends . 1969, Munich, Heimatwerk publishing house
  • Wenzel Max: Thayaland, folk songs and dances from South Moravia , 1984, Geislingen / Steige
  • Alexander Fleischer: A Christmas play from South Moravia
  • Walter Stolhofer: Home memories - The market town of Schiltern
  • Felix Ermacora : The Sudeten German questions , legal opinion, publisher: Langen Müller, 1992, ISBN 3-7844-2412-0
  • Emilia Hrabovec: eviction and deportation. Germans in Moravia 1945 - 1947 , Frankfurt am Main / Bern / New York / Vienna (= Vienna Eastern European Studies. Series of publications by the Austrian Institute for Eastern and South Eastern Europe), 1995 and 1996
  • Rudolf Grulich : Organized Expulsion. Issue 8/2005, newsletter, March 2006

swell

  • Felix Bornemann: Art and handicrafts in South Moravia , Schiltern, s. 34f, C. Maurer Verlag, Geislingen / Steige 1990, ISBN 3-927498-13-0
  • Bruno Kaukal: The coats of arms and seals of the South Moravian communities , Schiltern, s. 214f, Josef Knee, Vienna 1992, ISBN 3-927498-19-X
  • Alfred Schickel, Gerald Frodl: History of South Moravia. Volume 3. The history of the German South Moravians from 1945 to the present . South Moravian Landscape Council, Geislingen an der Steige 2001, ISBN 3-927498-27-0 , p. 314 f . (Schiltern).

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Český statistický úřad - The population of the Czech municipalities as of January 1, 2019 (PDF; 7.4 MiB)
  2. ^ Leopold Kleindienst: The forms of settlement, rural building and material culture in South Moravia , 1989, p. 9
  3. ↑ Hans Zuckriegl: Dictionary of the South Moravian dialects . Their use in speech, song and writing. 25,000 dialect words, 620 pages self-published. 1999.
  4. ↑ Walfried Blaschka, Gerald Frodl: The Znaim District from A to Z , 2009
  5. ↑ Acta Publica Online search in the historical registers of the Moravian Provincial Archives Brno (cz, dt). Retrieved April 19, 2011.
  6. ^ Böhm: Chronicle about Schiltern (1988)
  7. ^ Felix Ermacora : The unreached peace: St. Germain and the consequences; 1919-1989 , Amalthea Verlag, Vienna, Munich, 1989, ISBN 3-85002-279-X
  8. ^ Wolfgang Brügel: Czechs and Germans 1918 - 1938 , Munich 1967
  9. ↑ O. Kimminich: The assessment of the Munich Agreement in the Prague Treaty and in the literature on international law published on it , Munich 1988
  10. ↑ Gerald Frodl, Walfried Blaschka: The Znaim district from AZ. South Moravian Landscape Council, Geislingen an der Steige, 2010, Book of the Dead p. 378
  11. ^ Charles L. Mee : The Potsdam Conference 1945. The division of the booty . Wilhelm Heyne Verlag, Munich 1979. ISBN 3-453-48060-0 .
  12. ↑ Cornelia Znoy: The expulsion of the Sudeten Germans to Austria 1945/46 , diploma thesis to obtain the master’s degree in philosophy, Faculty of Humanities at the University of Vienna, 1995
  13. ^ Alfred Schickel, Gerald Frodl: History of South Moravia. Volume 3. The history of the German South Moravians from 1945 to the present . South Moravian Landscape Council, Geislingen an der Steige 2001, ISBN 3-927498-27-0 , p. 314 f . (Schiltern).
  14. ↑ Brunnhilde Scheuringer: 30 years later. The integration of ethnic German refugees and displaced persons in Austria, publisher: Braumüller, 1983, ISBN 3-7003-0507-9
  15. ↑ Bavaria: Heimatkunde 1 (1898)
  16. ↑ Historický místopis Moravy a Slezska v letech 1848–1960, sv.9. 1984
  17. ↑ South Moravian Yearbook, 1976, p. 164
  18. ↑ South Moravian Yearbook, 1978, p. 163
  19. ^ Zuckriegl: Im Märchenland der Thayana, 2000, self-published, p. 115f