Šafov

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Šafov
Šafov coat of arms
Šafov (Czech Republic)
Paris plan pointer b jms.svg
Basic data
State : Czech RepublicCzech Republic Czech Republic
Region : Jihomoravský kraj
District : Znojmo
Area : 950 hectares
Geographic location : 48 ° 52 '  N , 15 ° 45'  E Coordinates: 48 ° 52 '0 "  N , 15 ° 44' 32"  E
Height: 439  m nm
Residents : 153 (Jan. 1, 2019)
Postal code : 671 06
structure
Status: local community
Districts: 1
administration
Mayor : František Šebák (as of 2007)
Address: Šafov 78
671 06 Šafov
Municipality number: 594865
Šafov 2014

Šafov (German Schaffa ) is located in the Czech Republic, a few kilometers west of Vranov nad Dyjí (Frain an der Thaya) on the Czech-Austrian border. The community with 158 inhabitants (January 1, 2016) belongs to the Okres Znojmo ( Znojmo district ). Austrian neighboring towns are Langau and Riegersburg in the Waldviertel . Šafov is laid out as a longitudinal tangle village.

history

In the 11th to 13th centuries there was a great movement of settlements from west to east. Moravia was ruled by the Přemyslid dynasty from 1031 to 1305 . In order to use larger areas for agriculture and thus achieve higher yields, the colonists advertised them with privileges such as ten years of tax exemption (German settler law). By 1150, the area around Mikulov (Nikolsburg) and Znojmo (Znaim) was settled by German immigrants from Lower Austria . The ui dialect that was spoken until 1945 and the layout of the village show that they originally came from the Bavarian areas of the dioceses of Regensburg and Passau. They brought new agricultural equipment with them and introduced the high-yield three-field economy .

Šafov was first mentioned in writing in 1323. Barely a century later, the place suffered from the Hussites . These entrenched themselves in the place and in the subsequent fighting in 1431 the entire place was destroyed. It was only repopulated in 1452 and from 1516 it appears again as a market town. The market rights were meanwhile confirmed and extended by Emperor Ferdinand I in 1540. As a result, the place grew rapidly and received the first trains of a city. The first Protestants came to the city as early as 1556. The new faith spread so quickly that the Catholic parish was dissolved as early as 1589. During the Thirty Years' War in 1631, the city was re - Catholicized again by the Counter Reformation . In 1628 Ferdinand II granted the city a second annual market at St. Vitus. But after the Thirty Years' War and the fury of the Swedes under Lennart Torstensson in 1645, the place that belonged to the Frain an der Thaya rulership lay in a bad state for a long time. Because of this, Schaffa lost its city rights. Because of the previous devastation, the municipal boundaries were no longer clearly identifiable. For years, Schaffa was in dispute with the Lower Austrian town of Langau about the exact course of the border. Only in 1667 was a border commission set up to regulate this dispute. From 1673 a teacher is mentioned in the town.

In 1670, as a result of the expulsion of Jews from Vienna and Lower Austria, a large number of Jews came to South Moravia. Maximilian Graf von Starhemberg , the owner of Frain , allowed the 85 Jewish families expelled from Weitersfeld (Lower Austria) to settle here. But they did not only do this on the area assigned to them, some of them also acquired land north of the church and at the Petreiner Tor (Schaffa was surrounded by a wall with three gates). Schaffa consisted of a separately administered Christian and a Jewish community. This only changed in 1919.

In 1744 Maria Theresa ordered the expulsion of the Jews from Bohemia and Moravia, which would also have affected the local Jewish community, but after numerous interventions this project was dropped. The Schaffing Jews dominated the trade in cloth, linen, leather, sheep's wool, flax, horn, antlers and bristles in a wide area. With the opening of the Kaiser Franz Joseph Railway in 1870 and the Northwest Railway (1872), business declined and some of the Jewish residents of Schaffa migrated in search of new, better business opportunities. In 1920 the Christian and Jewish schools were merged.

In 1742 the church in Schaffa burned down. In 1745 the church and the parsonage were rebuilt in Baroque style according to plans by Joseph Emanuel Fischer von Erlach . The branch church of Schaffa was under the parish of Frain from 1689 to 1733, then it was raised to a separate parish. Registries have been kept since 1658. All birth, marriage and death registers up to 1949 are in the Brno State Archives. In 1778 the Jewish cemetery was expanded.

Around 1800 after the tolerance patent of Emperor Joseph II in 1781, the Schaffing Jews also built a school, at which from 1805 the teacher Johann Bauer from the Christian school taught two hours a day. After 1848 the school became two-class, after the expansion of compulsory schooling in 1869 three-class. The three-class school lasted until 1883. On June 13, 1822, with the exception of a single house and 69 houses belonging to the Christian community, the Jewish quarter went up in flames. The district road is to be expanded in 1833, but Schaffa and several other municipalities refused to contribute to the costs. The community officials were then detained for a week. During the German-Austrian War in 1866, the Prussians camped in town. In 1899 the volunteer fire brigade was founded. One of the co-founders was Ludwig Kreisky, the grandfather of the later Austrian Chancellor Bruno Kreisky . Most of the inhabitants of Schaffa lived from livestock and agriculture, whereby the otherwise important viticulture in South Moravia played no role. Due to the climate, potatoes, beets and vetches were also planted in addition to various types of grain. Flax was also grown until the 19th century, but this was no longer profitable after the development of the cotton industry. In addition to a flourishing small business, there were two brick factories, an electric mill, a lime kiln, a uniform tailor's shop, three hotels, a well builder, a haulage company and various traders in the village.

After the First World War , which cost 25 local residents their lives, the multi-ethnic state of Austria-Hungary fell apart . and Šafov, of which 97% of the inhabitants belonged to the German language group in 1910, became part of the new Czechoslovak Republic . In 1919 the Christian and Jewish communities of Šafov (Schaffa) were united. Between the 1910 and 1930 censuses, the proportion of the Czech population increased from 2.3% to over 30%. Schaffa received a customs office, a post office and a gendarmerie post with Czech personnel, as well as a Czech school.

As a result of the Munich Agreement , the Czechoslovakia to cede the German border areas to the German Reich forced Schaffa was on October 1, 1938, a part of the Reichsgau Lower Danube . After the destruction of Czechoslovakia by the National Socialists, the Czech residents had to leave Schaffa; the Jews were deported to concentration camps. Only some of them managed to escape in time.

After the end of the Second World War , which claimed 36 victims from Schaffa, the territories ceded in the Munich Agreement came back to Czechoslovakia . Schaffa was taken over by non-resident militant Czechs, and severe abuse of the German population resulted in three civilian deaths. The majority of local residents, 430 people were on 27 June 1945 and gathered a maximum of 15 kilograms of luggage across the border to Austria wild distributed . Tolerated by the Allied Potsdam Agreement , two people were forcibly resettled on August 27 and September 18, 1946. 62 people remained in Schaffa, and the property of the displaced population was confiscated .

In accordance with the original transfer targets from Potsdam, the Red Army demanded in January 1946 that all Sudeten Germans be deported from Austria to Germany. Nevertheless, 200 people were able to remain in Austria.

Memorial stone for expellees from Schaffa

A memorial stone erected in 1987 on the road from Langau to Riegersburg commemorates the expulsion .

On May 9, 2006, a tourist border crossing for pedestrians and cyclists, which was later opened to cars, was opened between Langau and Safov. Another border crossing for pedestrians and cyclists, which enables the connection to Riegersburg, followed. Between March and July 2014, the section of the road on Czech territory was expanded and the Riegersburg-Safov road connection was officially opened for cars from August 1, 2014.

In 2006, the “Euro-SoLa” association opened a youth hostel in Langau and Oberhöflein (community of Weitersfeld) in the Waldviertel. The Šafov Jewish cemetery is also looked after during these meetings. North-east of the village on the 398 road is a statue of St. Johannes Nepomuk.

Coat of arms and seal

In 1540 the place received a seal and the privilege to seal with green sealing wax. The seal shows a Renaissance shield with a crenellated wall on a rocky ground with an open winged gate, behind which two crenellated towers tower up. A bear stands erect above the gate between the towers, leaning on the towers with its front paws.

In 1850 the place received a new seal. It showed an anchor with a sickle and a plow iron. In the years 1920 to 1938 the place had a bilingual, non-image community temple.

In 1540 Schaffa also received a market coat of arms : in red a silver crenellated wall with loopholes with an open golden wing gate and golden portcullis. Two silver tin towers with three windows each protrude above the wall, with a natural-colored (black-brown) bear standing upright in between, which leans on the towers with its front paws. This coat of arms has been repeatedly confirmed by various Austrian rulers. So by Emperor Ferdinand II (1628), Emperor Karl VI. (1726), Empress Maria-Theresia (1747), Emperor Joseph II (1781), Emperor Franz I (1793) and finally Emperor Ferdinand I in 1839.

Population development

census Total population Ethnicity of the inhabitants
year German Czechs Other
1880 1089 1065 10 14th
1890 1060 1038 3 19th
1900 942 918 15th 9
1910 798 772 18th 8th
1921 748 535 111 102
1930 772 441 234 97

Attractions

Parish Church of St. Bartholomew
  • Parish Church of St. Bartholomew, which was built in 1735 in place of a chapel from 1499. Four stained-glass church windows were renovated through donations from displaced persons.
  • Jewish temple (1785)
  • Jewish Cemetery

Say from the place

There were a multitude of myths among the German residents :

  • The old keeper (owner of jumping animals) from Schaffa once went from Riegersburg to Schaffa at a late hour. When he saw the first houses in the village, he saw a "fiery dragon" above him. The dragon flew towards Schaffa and then disappeared into a chimney in the Jewish quarter.
  • A woman from Schaffa once went home from Hessendorf via the "Ruckteichwiesen" at late hour . When she had reached the deepest part of the trench, a "fiery dog" suddenly stood in front of her. She was terrified because he stood in her way and growled grimly at her. Soon, however, the animal turned and ran ahead of her. Although she hurried on home, woman, blocking and clearing the way was repeated several times. Only shortly before Schaffa did the devil dog disappear as suddenly as it had appeared.
  • The sermon chair in the Korluss
  • Grasl and the Jud'npoldl
  • The pillory

Sons and daughters of the church

Worked in the community

The authors and rabbis Naphtali ben Mordechai Benet (around 1780–1857) and Ignatz Leopold Rosner .

Border incidents

1973

On July 26, 1973, an Austrian pilot who took off from Vienna-Aspern got lost in his sports plane over the Austrian-Czechoslovak state border and crashed near Šafov and Riegersburg , killing the pilot Alfred Winter and his passenger Johann Weiser. For a long time, the Austrian authorities had to rely on observations made from Austrian territory, and it was only in the late afternoon that the notification came that the OE-CAP aircraft had crash- landed, but the two occupants were not mentioned. From the Czech side, there were allegations that the Austrian pilot had illegally flown over the border for espionage purposes and then rammed a Czech military plane and thus also caused it to crash. Both accusations were contradicted by the Austrian side. According to Austrian witnesses, including gendarmerie and customs officers, the Czech aircraft circled over the accident site for a long time and then flew away. Also, the Austrian Accident Commission, which was allowed to enter the CSSR after long pressure, was not shown any debris from the allegedly crashed military machine. After returning to Vienna, the head of the Austrian Accident Commission ruled out that the sports machine could be shot down, but considered a collision of the two machines to be just as possible as a crash caused by flying past each other too closely. Austrian Foreign Minister Rudolf Kirchschläger , who sharply criticized the CSSR in a speech, was also involved in the accompanying diplomatic quarrels . Alfred Winter was buried in the Atzgersdorfer Friedhof in Vienna.

1998

In February 1998, the Hardegg gendarmerie post found suspicious traces of off-road vehicles that had illegally crossed the Austrian-Czech border towards Šafov / Schaffa from Riegersburg (at that time there was no border crossing for motor vehicles). The border was then more closely monitored in this area and a car stop belt was put in place. A short time later, two off-road vehicles actually approached the state border. Stop signals from the gendarmes were ignored by the drivers who wanted to escape at full throttle. The vehicles were prevented from driving by the stop belt, the drivers escaped to Czech territory, where they were arrested by the Czech police, who had already been alerted.

Movie

The cinema film With a loss is to be expected by the Viennese film production company Lotus Film was made in 1992 under the direction of Ulrich Seidl in Langau and in Šafov with the participation of the local population.

literature

  • Alfred Damm: Weitersfeld / Schaffa. On the history of a Jewish rural community on the Moravian border in modern times. A Search for Traces (2013) ISBN 978-3-99028-072-0
  • Josef Lösch: The history of the market town of Schaffa (1934)
  • Gustav Gregor: History of the market town of Schaffa (1957)
  • Ilse Tielsch -Felzmann: South Moravian Legends . 1969, Munich, Heimatwerk publishing house
  • Wenzel Max: Thayaland, folk songs and dances from South Moravia , 1984, Geislingen / Steige
  • Linsbauer / Brandtner: Schaffa (1995)
  • Andreas Johannes Brandtner: Europa sola - Langau - Šafov - Schaffa (2001)
  • Andreas Johannes Brandtner, Andreas Linsenbauer: 500 years of German - 275 years of German-Jewish - Czech since 1945 , 1997, SOLA
  • Leopold Kleindienst: The forms of settlement, rural building and material culture in South Moravia ISBN 3-927498-092

swell

  • Anton Schwetter, Siegfried Kern: The political district of Nikolsburg in historical, statistical and topographical relation, (1884)
  • Georg Dehio , Karl Ginhart : Handbook of German Art Monuments in the Ostmark, 1941, Schaffa p. 419
  • Johann Zabel: Church handler for South Moravia, 1941, Vicariate General Nikolsburg, Schaffa p. 54
  • Felix Bornemann: Arts and Crafts in South Moravia (1990), Schaffa page 33
  • Bruno Kaukal: The coats of arms and seals of the South Moravian communities. Knee, Vienna 1992, ISBN 3-927498-19-X , Schaffa page 209
  • Alfred Schickel, Gerald Frodl: History of South Moravia. Volume 3. The history of the German South Moravians from 1945 to the present . South Moravian Landscape Council, Geislingen an der Steige 2001, ISBN 3-927498-27-0 , p. 318 (Schaffa).
  • Schaffa - history of the place from the earliest times to 2001

Web links

Commons : Šafov  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Český statistický úřad - The population of the Czech municipalities as of January 1, 2019 (PDF; 7.4 MiB)
  2. ↑ http://www.planet-wissen.de/kultur/mitteleuropa/geschichte_tschechiens/pwiedeutscheintschechien100.html
  3. ↑ Joachim Rogall: Germans and Czechs: History, Culture, Politics Verlag CH Beck, 2003. ISBN 3 406 45954 4 . Preface by Václav Havel. Chapter: The Přemyslids and the German Colonization S33 f.
  4. ^ Leopold Kleindienst: The forms of settlement, rural building and material culture in South Moravia , 1989, p. 9
  5. ^ University of Giessen (Ed.): Sudetendeutschesverzeichnis Vol. 1, 1988, Oldenbourg Verlag, ISBN 978-3-486-54822-8
  6. ↑ Hans Zuckriegl: Dictionary of the South Moravian dialects . Their use in speech, song and writing. 25,000 dialect words, 620 pages self-published. 1999.
  7. ↑ Codex diplomaticus et epistolaris Moraviae, Volume VII, p. 818
  8. ^ Hugo Gold: Memorial book of the lost Jewish communities of Moravia . 1974, p. 106
  9. ↑ Acta Publica Online search in the historical registers of the Moravian Provincial Archives Brno (cz, dt). Retrieved March 13, 2011.
  10. ↑ Walfried Blaschka, Gerald Frodl: The Znaim District from A to Z , 2009
  11. ^ Johann Wolfgang Brügel : Czechs and Germans 1918 - 1938 , Munich 1967
  12. ^ Alfred Schickel, Gerald Frodl: History of South Moravia. Volume III. Maurer, Geislingen / Steige 2001, Schaffa 318, 573, 576. ISBN 3-927498-27-0 .
  13. ^ Alfred Schickel, Gerald Frodl: History of South Moravia. Volume 3. The history of the German South Moravians from 1945 to the present . South Moravian Landscape Council, Geislingen an der Steige 2001, ISBN 3-927498-27-0 , p. 318 (Schaffa).
  14. ↑ Cornelia Znoy: The expulsion of the Sudeten Germans to Austria 1945/46 , diploma thesis to obtain the master’s degree in philosophy, Faculty of Humanities at the University of Vienna, 1995
  15. ↑ Smrska - Riesenfeld: Local history of the political district of Znaim, issue 2, p. 45
  16. ↑ Historický místopis Moravy a Slezska v letech 1848–1960, sv.9. 1984
  17. ^ Karl Lösch: Das Waldviertel , 1973, p. 226
  18. ^ Franz Kießling: Waldviertel, 1973, p. 224
  19. ↑ Hans Zuckriegl: Im Märchenland der Thayana , 2000, self-published, p. 111f
  20. ↑ Arbeiter-Zeitung July 27, 1973 and later http://www.arbeiter-zeitung.at/cgi-bin/archiv/flash.pl?year=1973&month=7&day=27&page=1&html=1
  21. ↑ Kronen Zeitung, February 22, 1998, p. 10