Břežany u Znojma

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Břežany
Břežany coat of arms
Břežany u Znojma (Czech Republic)
Paris plan pointer b jms.svg
Basic data
State : Czech RepublicCzech Republic Czech Republic
Region : Jihomoravský kraj
District : Znojmo
Area : 1642 ha
Geographic location : 48 ° 52 '  N , 16 ° 21'  E Coordinates: 48 ° 52 '12 "  N , 16 ° 20' 30"  E
Height: 195  m nm
Residents : 824 (Jan. 1, 2019)
Postal code : 671 65
License plate : B.
traffic
Street: Hrušovany nad Jevišovkou - Oleksovice
Railway connection: Brno - Hrušovany nad Jevišovkou
structure
Status: local community
Districts: 1
administration
Mayor : Jana Surovcová (as of 2020)
Address: Břežany 103
671 65 Břežany
Municipality number: 593842
Website : www.obec-brezany.cz

Břežany , until 1949 Fryšava , also Vršava (German Frischau ) is a municipality in Okres Znojmo ( Znojmo district), Jihomoravský kraj (South Moravia region) in the Czech Republic . It is located 21 kilometers east of Znojmo.

geography

Břežany is located in the South Moravian Thaya plain in the basin of the Břežanka river at the confluence of the Libický potok. To the west of the village is the U Dvora pond. Two kilometers east of the village runs the railway line from Brno ( Brno ) to Hrušovany nad Jevišovkou ( Grusbach ), where Břežany has a train station. The place is laid out as a multi-line village.

Neighboring towns are Dolenice ( Tullnitz ) and Ležák in the north, Litobratřice ( Leipertitz ) in the northeast, Na Pastvinách and Hrušovany nad Jevišovkou ( Grusbach ) in the southeast, Pravice ( Probitz ) and the colony U Dvora in the south, Božice ( Possitz ) in the southwest, Čejkovice in the southwest West and Mackovice ( Moskowitz ) in the north-west.

history

View of Frischau, 1939

The “ui” dialect (Bavarian-Austrian) with its special Bavarian passwords indicates a settlement by Bavarian German tribes, as they did after 1050, but especially in 12/13. Century took place. The place belonging to the property of the Velehrad monastery was probably part of the founding capital of the monastery donated by Margrave Vladislav Heinrich in 1205. A lot of viticulture was practiced in the mostly sandy soil in the municipality. Briessan was first mentioned in a document in 1222, when Bishop Robert of England elevated the Church of St. Bartholomew to a parish church. Over the centuries, the spelling of the place changed. It was in 1222 Vrishan , 1338 Vrischaw and 1481 Frissow .

On March 22, 1338, Margrave Karl Vrischaw raised to the market and granted it the highest jurisdiction . During the monastic rule, which lasted until 1490, the market experienced its heyday. In the period that followed, it was pledged to secular masters who changed frequently.

The Ofner family, who held the allodial rule from 1490 to 1531, was followed by Johann von Pernstein around 1536 . When his son Vratislav had to sell the Grusbach and Frischau estates, including Pratsch and Testic, to Johann von Žerotín in 1560 , these were run down and the former market rights and blood jurisdiction were forfeited. Since then, Frischau has always remained a village. The parish patronage received in 1539 the monastery Bruck and assigned Frischau to the parish in Grillowitz . In 1570 the Anabaptists settled in the village. Around 1574, Peter Čertorejský von Čertorej acquired the Frischau and Grusbach estates. Because of participation in the class uprising , the property of the Čertorejský was confiscated in 1620. The Anabaptists were expelled in 1622 at the beginning of the Thirty Years' War, after the Battle of White Mountain and the beginning of the Counter Reformation . Most of the Anabaptists then moved on to Transylvania. The place was sacked several times by Imperial and Swedish troops during the Thirty Years War . Only 30 local residents survived these war years.

A constant change of ownership followed until the alliodial rule came to the Liechtensteiners in 1692 . Since 1672 the place name was written as Frischau . In 1713 the castle was built under Johann Adam von Liechtenstein . In 1744 the Premonstratensians from Klosterbruck again established a parish in Frischau. Maria Gabriela von Liechtenstein had the new church built in 1771. In 1793 the village had 554 inhabitants. During the Revolutionary Wars , French troops marched through the town in 1805 and 1809, bringing in cholera . This epidemic raged in the town in 1831 and again during the German-Austrian War in 1866.

Under Moritz von Liechtenstein, the castle was rebuilt between 1818 and 1819 and surrounded by an English landscape park. Up until the renovation, there was an important collection of paintings in the palace, which the prince wanted to sell to Count Desfours , provost of the cathedral in Nikolsburg, and which was lost on the waterway after her embarkation for London. Due to the increasing number of school children, a new two-class school building was built in 1834. After the replacement of patrimonial, Frischau became an independent municipality from 1848. In 1870 the connection to the railway network and the establishment of a post office take place. From 1897 a volunteer fire brigade can be proven in the village. In 1907 the school was expanded to include three classes. Most of the Frischauer lived from agriculture. Due to the favorable climate, potatoes, corn, fodder and sugar beets, rape, cucumbers, pumpkins, melons, peppers, tomatoes, cherries, apricots, sour cherries, peaches and plums were grown in large quantities in addition to various types of grain. After the phylloxera appeared around 1864, viticulture declined significantly, so that in 1945 only 8 hectares of wine were grown. In addition to the usual small business, there was also a schnapps distillery and a farm in the village.

After the First World War and the Treaty of Saint-Germain in 1919, the place, which in 1910 was exclusively inhabited by German South Moravians , became part of the new Czechoslovak Republic . The Meierhof came under the administration of the "colonization society". This distributed most of the land to Czech settlers during the land reform in 1924/1925. Furthermore, there was a further increase in the influx of people of Czech nationality in the interwar period due to the filling of civil servants. Between 1910 and 1930 the proportion of the German South Moravian population decreased from 100% to 78%. In 1926 the Congregation of St. Hedwig bought the castle and founded a girls' institution, which later became a child welfare facility. The place was electrified in 1929. From 1931 there is a Czech minority school in Frischau. After the Munich Agreement in 1938, the place came to the German Reich and became part of the Reichsgau Niederdonau .

After the end of the Second World War , which claimed 87 dead and missing, the community returned to Czechoslovakia on May 8, 1945. After the Red Army had withdrawn, the so-called “robbery guards” came first, who plundered the houses of the German-Moravian population, and then the Czech “squatters”. Five local German residents were killed in the post-war excesses. Others fled these anti-German measures across the nearby border to Austria or were driven across . A legal processing of the events did not take place. The Beneš Decree 115/1946 ( Law on Exemption from Punishment ) declares actions up to October 28, 1945 in the struggle to regain freedom ..., or which aimed at just retribution for the acts of the occupiers or their accomplices ... not unlawful. When attempting a post-war order, the victorious powers of the Second World War did not take a specific position on August 2, 1945 in the Potsdam Protocol , Article XIII, on the wild and collective expulsions of the German population. However, they explicitly called for an orderly and humane transfer of the parts of the German population who remained in Czechoslovakia . Between July 22nd and September 18, 1946, 515 people were forcibly resettled to West Germany. Francis E. Walter's report to the US House of Representatives attests that these transports were never properly and humanely carried out. Some participants in the Brno death march were accepted into the monastery. 59 people, mainly members of the monastery, remained in the village. All private and public property of the German local residents was confiscated by the Beneš decree 108 , the assets of the Protestant church were liquidated by the Beneš decree 131 and the Catholic Church was expropriated in the communist era . The Czech Republic has not made amends .

In accordance with the original transfer goals of the Potsdam Protocol, the forced resettlement of all Sudeten Germans from Austria to Germany should take place. Nevertheless, 156 Frischauer were able to stay in Austria, 599 came to Baden-Württemberg and 117 to Bavaria. One family emigrated to Sweden and two to the United States.

Registries have been kept since 1663. Online search via the Brno State Archives.

Coat of arms and seal

The oldest seal that can be verified by original imprints bears the inscription "SIGILLVM.DER.GEMAN.IN.FRISA ***" within a highly oval pearl wreath. The seal picture shows a bird standing on three stalked grapes with a berry stalk in its beak, and a grape on it, while a second is just falling off. A six-petalled rose is depicted over the bird's back.

Population development

census Total population Ethnicity of the inhabitants
year German Czechs other
1793 554      
1836 905      
1880 972 947 25th 0
1890 920 918 0 2
1900 1000 977 12 11
1910 1060 1054 0 6th
1921 1064 948 66 50
1930 1216 955 210 51
1939 1162      
Statistický lexikon obcí CSSR 1965 (Prague 1966)

Attractions

  • Parish Church of the Annunciation (1771), rebuilt in 1838
  • Břežany Castle, built in 1713, with an English park, rebuilt in 1818/19
  • Columns of St. Florian (18th century), the Trinity and Johann von Nepomuk
  • Wayside shrine of St. Maria
  • War memorial (1920)

Personalities

  • Anna Wamboldt von Umstadt (1907–1986) made religious sculptures for the Saldenburg Way of the Cross

regional customs

Rich customs as well as numerous fairy tales and legends enriched the lives of the German locals who were expelled in 1945/46:

  • On the feast of the Annunciation there was the local kirtag. Boys buy gingerbread hearts for girls, who thank them with colored eggs at Easter. For the first St. The Schakwitz-Hermannsdörfer, Tullnitzer, Leipertitzer, Possitzer and Groß-Grillowitzer also come to the fair. High mass is celebrated at ten o'clock and at two-thirty everyone comes to the solemn blessing.

Sources and literature

  • Franz Josef Schwoy : Topography of the Markgrafthum Moravia. 1793, Frischau page 118
  • Rudolf Wolkan : History book of the Hutterite Brothers , in collaboration with the Hutterite Brothers in America and Canada, Standoff Colony near Macleod ( Alberta ), Vienna 1923.
  • Johann Hora: Heimatbuch der Gemeinde Frischau, 1972
  • Georg Dehio , Karl Ginhart : Handbook of German art monuments in the Ostmark. Anton Schroll & Co, 1941, Frischau p. 208.
  • Felix Bornemann: Arts and Crafts in South Moravia. , Frischau: page 10; C. Maurer Verlag, Geislingen / Steige 1990, ISBN 3-927498-13-0
  • Karl Hörmann: The lordships of Grusbach and Frischau under the lords of Breuer (1622 - 1668) ., Verlag des Südmährischen Landschaftsrat, Geislingen / Steige, 1997, ISBN 3-927498-21-1
  • Alfred Schickel, Gerald Frodl: History of South Moravia. Volume 3. The history of the German South Moravians from 1945 to the present . South Moravian Landscape Council, Geislingen an der Steige 2001, ISBN 3-927498-27-0 , p. 210, 277, 306, 409, 425, 508, 570, 573 (Frischau).
  • Commemorative book of the community of Frischau
  • History of the place and the school in Frischau
  • Wenzel Max: Thayaland, folk songs and dances from South Moravia , 1984, Geislingen / Steige
  • Felix Ermacora : The Sudeten German questions , legal opinion, publisher: Langen Müller, 1992, ISBN 3-7844-2412-0
  • Detlef Brandes : The way to expulsion 1938-1945. Oldenbourg, Munich 2005, ISBN 3-486-56731-4

supporting documents

  1. ↑ Český statistický úřad - The population of the Czech municipalities as of January 1, 2019 (PDF; 7.4 MiB)
  2. ^ Leopold Kleindienst: The forms of settlement, rural building and material culture in South Moravia ISBN 3-927498-09-2
  3. ↑ Hans Zuckriegl: I dream of a vine encyclopedia of viticulture in South Moravia , self-published, supported by the cultural department of the office of the Lower Austrian provincial government
  4. ^ Karl Wittek: The Anabaptists in South Moravia,
  5. ^ Gregor Wolny : The Margraviate of Moravia , 1836, p.208
  6. ↑ Bernd Längin: Die Hutterer , 1986, p.237
  7. ↑ Hans Zuckriegel: I dream of a vine , p. 259
  8. ^ Felix Ermacora : The unreached peace: St. Germain and the consequences; 1919-1989 , Amalthea Verlag, Vienna, Munich, 1989, ISBN 3-85002-279-X
  9. ↑ J.Voženilek: Land reform of the Czechoslovak Republic, Prague. Bohm61
  10. ↑ Walfried Blaschka, Gerald Frodl: The Znaim District from A to Z , 2009
  11. ↑ O. Kimminich: The assessment of the Munich Agreement in the Prague Treaty and in the literature on international law published on it , Munich 1988
  12. ↑ Gerald Frodl, Walfried Blaschka: The Znaim district from AZ, 2009, South Moravian Landscape Council, Geislingen an der Steige, Book of the Dead p. 378.
  13. ^ Alfred Schickel, Gerald Frodl: History of South Moravia. Volume III. Maurer, Geislingen / Steige 2001, ISBN 3-927498-27-0 .
  14. ^ Charles L. Mee : The Potsdam Conference 1945. The division of the booty . Wilhelm Heyne Verlag, Munich 1979. ISBN 3-453-48060-0 .
  15. ↑ Milan Churaň: Potsdam and Czechoslovakia. 2007, ISBN 978-3-9810491-7-6 .
  16. ^ Walter, Francis E. (1950): Expellees and Refugees of German ethnic Origin. Report of a Special Subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, HR 2nd Session, Report No. 1841, Washington, March 24, 1950.
  17. ↑ Cornelia Znoy: The expulsion of the Sudeten Germans to Austria 1945/46 , diploma thesis to obtain the master’s degree in philosophy, Faculty of Humanities at the University of Vienna, 1995
  18. ^ Alfred Schickel, Gerald Frodl: History of South Moravia. Volume 3. The history of the German South Moravians from 1945 to the present . South Moravian Landscape Council, Geislingen an der Steige 2001, ISBN 3-927498-27-0 , p. 277 (Frischau).
  19. ↑ Acta Publica Online search in the historical registers of the Moravian Provincial Archives Brno (cz, dt). Retrieved April 1, 2011.
  20. ↑ Hans Zuckriegl: In the Thayana Fairy Tale Land, 2000

Web links

Commons : Břežany (Znojmo District)  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files