Vranov nad Dyjí

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Vranov nad Dyjí
Coat of arms of Vranov nad Dyjí
Vranov nad Dyjí (Czech Republic)
Paris plan pointer b jms.svg
Basic data
State : Czech RepublicCzech Republic Czech Republic
Region : Jihomoravský kraj
District : Znojmo
Area : 1342 ha
Geographic location : 48 ° 54 '  N , 15 ° 49'  E Coordinates: 48 ° 53 '40 "  N , 15 ° 48' 40"  E
Height: 312  m nm
Residents : 828 (Jan. 1, 2019)
Postal code : 671 03
structure
Status: Minor town
Districts: 1
administration
Mayor : Lubomír Vedra (as of 2007)
Address: Náměstí 21
671 03 Vranov nad Dyjí
Municipality number: 595098
Website : www.ouvranov.cz

Vranov nad Dyjí (German Frain an der Thaya ) is a minority town in Okres Znojmo ( Znojmo district ) in the Czech Republic . It is located on the Thaya , three kilometers north of the Austrian border near Hardegg . There are fortifications of the Czechoslovak Wall between Vranov and Podmyče ( Pomitsch ) . Vranov was originally designed as a square.

geography

The neighboring towns are in the northwest Lančov ( Landschau ), in the west Podmyče ( Pomitsch ) and in the east Onšov na Moravě ( Windschau ).

history

The layout of the place and the Ui dialect (Bavarian-Austrian) spoken up to 1945 with its special Bavarian passwords indicate a settlement by Bavarian German tribes, as they were around 1050, but especially in 12/13. Century took place. The castle Vranov ( Frain ) was already in 1100 in the chronicle Chronica Boemorum of Cosmas of Prague called. The castle was taken over by the Order of St. John in 1183 . The first mention of the market town of Frain comes from the year 1323, when the Bohemian King John of Luxembourg transferred it to Heinrich von Leipa , the chamberlain . Later it came to the Lords of Lichtenburg , who also owned the neighboring castles of Vöttau and Zornstein . In order to protect the market, a defensive wall was built around the village between 1423 and 1431. This is later expanded and razed at the end of the 18th century.

In 1499 King Vladislav II transferred the possessions to the Lichtenburgers as hereditary property. At the beginning of the 16th century there were several changes of ownership. They included Ar Kleb von Boskowitz , Johann von Pernstein , Sidonius von Lomnitz and Wolf Kraiger von Kraigk as well as the Lords von Dietrichstein. Iron ore has been mined in Frain since the second half of the 16th century and processed in the Frain hammer mills until 1747. After the victory of the Hussites near Iglau in 1425, the Frain market became their meeting point. The occupation by the Hussites was so lasting that until 1562 no Catholic pastor preached in the village.

Vranov nad Dyjí, view of the town
View of Vranov from the castle

In 1614 the castle and rule of Frain were acquired by Wolf Dietrich von Althann , whose possessions were confiscated because of his participation in the uprising after the battle of the White Mountains . The Frainer estate was acquired in 1629 by Johann Ernst von Scherfenberg. During the Thirty Years War , in 1642, Frain was defeated by Emperor Ferdinand III. the right to three annual fairs and one weekly market was granted to help out these "small towns that were damaged by wars and troops" ( Ferdinand II .: Gregor Wolny: The Margraviate of Moravia ). In the same year a blacksmith and locksmith's guild was founded. In 1645, Frain was occupied by Swedish troops under Lennart Torstensson and plundered and the castle was besieged. After the Swedes withdrew, only 39 of the village's 111 houses remained. In 1665 the Counts of Starhemberg acquired the devastated and depopulated property. Frain Castle was rebuilt under them.

In 1680 the imperial count Michael Johann von Althann acquired the castle and lordship of Frain. He arranged for the castle to be converted into a stately baroque palace. After his death in 1702, his son Michael Hermann von Althann inherited the property, from whom she passed on to his wife Maria Anna geb. Pignatelli passed over, who had a friendly relationship with Emperor Charles VI. entertained who visited the castle every year in May. The last owner of the Althann family, Michael Johann Josef von Althann, had to sell the Frain castle and manor in 1793 to the Prague lawyer Johann Hilgartner von Lilienborn due to over-indebtedness. This founded new villages and built country roads in his dominion. In 1799 Josef Weiss founded an earthenware manufacture in Frain. It was acquired in 1816 by the Polish aristocrat Stanisław Mniszek, who had owned Frain since the beginning of the 19th century. Over the next few years, Mniszek improved production methods and expanded the manufactory's range.

From 1820 tableware was produced using the method developed by Josiah Wedgwood . The Frainer Wedgwood ceramics enjoyed a good reputation at home and abroad because of their artistic design. After the patrimonial administration was replaced, Frain became the seat of the court in 1849. Frain Castle and the property belonging to it went to the Stadnicky family, related to Mniszek, in 1876. Their properties were confiscated by the Germans during the time of the Protectorate in 1939. With the expansion of the railway in the 19th century, Frain received a train station in 1870. Two prehistoric stone hammers were also found near Frain in the 19th century. Around 1900, Frain developed into a popular place for summer retreat . Over the years, 170 hotel rooms and 200 summer apartments, five tennis courts, a river pool, two pools on the reservoir and many hiking trails have been built. Until the fateful year 1945, the inhabitants spoke the “ui” dialect (Bavarian-Austrian) with their special Bavarian passwords .

Some of the residents of Frain lived from forestry and agriculture, whereby the centuries-old viticulture in South Moravia played no role. Due to the favorable climate, corn, potatoes and fodder beet were also planted in addition to various types of grain. The forests and the lordly forestry in the village produced 30,000 m³ of firewood and 20,000 m³ of timber in three years , two thirds of which were resold. Many residents also found their livelihood in the handicrafts or in the service. In addition to a flourishing small business, there were three mills, three brick factories, a silk ribbon factory, a concrete goods factory, a sawmill, the stoneware and Wedgwood factory, a pharmacist, two bus companies, five taxi companies, two truck transport companies, a notary and various doctors.

When Austria-Hungary fell apart after the First World War , Moravia became part of the newly founded Czechoslovakia . With that, Frain, whose population was 97% German-speaking in 1910, also fell to the new state. In 1922 a Czech minority school was established. Since there were too few Czech children in the village, Czech orphans were incorporated into Frain. National tensions arose. In the Munich Agreement , the Czechoslovak government was forced to cede the German-speaking peripheral areas. was regulated. Thus, on October 1, 1938, Frain became part of the German Reichsgau Niederdonau .

After the end of the Second World War , which claimed 51 victims in Frain, the community returned to Czechoslovakia. The majority of the German-Moravian population was expelled unregulated by Czechs across the border into Austria on May 23, 1945 . A civil person died from the violence. Between August 11 and September 18, 1946, the 102 remaining German citizens of Frain were forcibly resettled to West Germany and their property was confiscated .

Some of the local residents in Austria were transferred to Germany in accordance with the original transfer goals of the Potsdam Protocol . The place was repopulated.

In honor of their dead, the refugees erected a memorial cross on the Hardegg - Felling road.

Since 2006 Vranov is again a Městys (Minor town).

Parish registers (parish registers) have been kept since 1642. Online search via the Brno State Archives. Land registers have been recorded since 1857.

Coat of arms and seal

Seal: Since 1568, Frain has had the right to use a seal and a coat of arms from the then ruler Peter Czertoray , which shows a two-string defensive wall with an open gate, and above it two pointed pinnacle towers. Between these, sitting on a pedestal, a left-turned raven.

Coat of arms: The market coat of arms consists of a red shield, inside the silver battlement castle with black roofs and black portcullis. The black bird has a golden beak. Correspondingly, the coloring in the entire heraldic literature.

Population development

census Total population Ethnicity of the inhabitants
year German Czechs Other
1880 1071 1059 - 12
1890 1052 1030 13 9
1900 1061 1002 54 5
1910 1048 1013 26th 9
1921 1146 756 268 122
1930 1676 1023 561 92

Vranov dam

The Frainer Dam was built between 1930 and 1935 . It dams the water of the Thaya and holds 133 million m³ of water.

Landmarks and monuments

Vranov nad Dyjí Castle, in the foreground the Thaya
The chateau chapel of the chateau Vranov nad Dyjí
  • Vranov nad Dyjí Castle
  • Parish church of the Assumption of Mary with a Romanesque charnel house from the 1st half of the 13th century, remodeled in 1716, Nepomuk altarpiece by Franz Anton Maulbertsch
  • Helenenkapelle (1815) in the Lower Hammer
  • Joseph's Chapel (1826)
  • Plague column, at the corners St. Sebastian, Rochus, Florian and Joh. Von Nepomuk after vows following the plague of 1680
  • Mniszek Cross (1846)
  • Clary Cross in memory of Prince Clary (1831)
  • Felizienbründl
  • In Hardegg, Austria, in 1946, to commemorate the expulsion of the German-speaking Frainers, the home cross of the home community of Frain in Braitau was erected on a rock above the Thaya near the state border.
  • Chapel by the church tower, first half of the 18th century, Christ on the pillar of torture.
  • Chapel with an image of the crucifixion, 1st half of the 18th century
  • Statue of St. John of Nepomuk (1732) on the Thaya bridge
  • Temple of Maria Schutz on the Rose Hill, initially built in the Greek style, therefore also called "Diana Temple" because it contains Greek statues of gods. Later these were removed and a statue of the Virgin Mary was erected.
  • Mater dolorosa rock chapel
  • War memorial (1934)
  • Vranovská přehrada dam built in 1930–36 according to plans by Ferdinand Schmidt, an engineer from Frain. The town of Alt-Vöttau was flooded by the resulting reservoir .

Personalities

  • Karl Albrecht also Karl Albrecht-Frainer (1845–1920), poet and teacher
  • Georg Brandl (1906–1990), visual artist
  • Josef Doré, landscape painter and director of the Frainer stoneware factory from 1832 to 1873
  • Franz Olbricht (1842–1907) architect and court builder
  • Ferdinand Schmidt (1878–1941) engineer, initiator and planner of the Frainer Thaya dam.
  • Karl Veit (* 1887), politician and post office director

regional customs

  • Until the expulsion of the German residents, Kirtag was always celebrated on the 1st Sunday after August 15th.
  • The annual fairs were always held on the first Thursday in March, May, August, October and November.

Say from the place

  • In the area around Frain, the "man without a head" is said to go around and frighten careless hikers.
  • The Frainer pillory is said to have come from Freistein and after a flood it was washed ashore near Frain.
  • In the Thirty Years' War the Swedes tried to pierce the northeastern "Kreuzberg" in order to divert the Thaya. This is to remove the water from the castle crew. You can still see the so-called "Schwedenstich" on Kreuzberg today.
  • A long time ago, when the "old road" still led steeply over the Windschauer Berg, late returnees repeatedly saw the ghost of an executed man walking around on the gallows let ride? " The sight of the ghost was terrifying and his voice sounded horrific.

swell

  • Gregor Wolny : The Margraviate of Moravia topographically, statistically and historically, Vol. I-VI, Brno, 1835–42
  • Georg Dehio, Karl Ginhart : Handbook of German art monuments in the Ostmark. 1941.
  • Johann Zabel: Church handler for South Moravia, 1941, Vicariate General Nikolsburg, Frain p. 50
  • Felix Bornemann: Arts and Crafts , 1990; Frain p. 7f
  • Bruno Kaukal: Coat of Arms and Seal , 1992; Frain p. 58
  • Alfred Schickel, Gerald Frodl: History of South Moravia. Volume 3. The history of the German South Moravians from 1945 to the present . South Moravian Landscape Council, Geislingen an der Steige 2001, ISBN 3-927498-27-0 , p. 313 (Frain).

literature

  • Joachim Bahlcke , Winfried Eberhard, Miloslav Polívka (eds.): Handbook of historical places . Volume: Bohemia and Moravia (= Kröner's pocket edition . Volume 329). Kröner, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-520-32901-8 , pp. 142-143.
  • Anton Vrbka: Local Studies of the Political District of Znojmo , Issue 1, 1898
  • Ferdinand Schmidt: The dams on the Thaya , 1912
  • Alois Gröger: Frain ad Thaya , 1929
  • Karl Navrátil: The construction of the dam on the Thaya River in Frain , 1931
  • Rainer Gepperth: The expulsion, expulsion and resettlement of the German population from the South Moravian judicial districts of Frain and Znaim 1945/46 , 1970
  • Eleonora Polly: The market town of Frain - A summer retreat and its dam on the Thaya , 1980
  • Wenzel Max (Ed.): Thayaland. Folk songs and dances from South Moravia. 2nd Edition. South Moravian Landscape Council, Geislingen / Steige 1984.
  • Willy Anderle, Walter Schmidt: Frain, once the pearl in the Thayatal , Volume 1 and 2, 2002
  • Karel Janiček: Frain an der Thaya, Libice, oJ, ISBN 80-86644-31-6
  • Gustav Gregor: History of the market town of Frain
  • Samek Bohumil: Ancestral Hall of the Castle in Frain an der Thaya , National Institute for Monument Preservation, 2003, ISBN 80-85032-94-5

Web links

Commons : Vranov nad Dyjí  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Český statistický úřad - The population of the Czech municipalities as of January 1, 2019 (PDF; 7.4 MiB)
  2. ^ A b Leopold Kleindienst: The forms of settlement, rural building and material culture in South Moravia , 1989, p. 9
  3. ^ Gregor Wolny : The Margraviate of Moravia , 1836, p. 192
  4. ^ Academies of Sciences: Archive for Austrian History, Volume 38 , 1867, p. 251
  5. ↑ a b Walfried Blaschka, Gerald Frodl: The Znaim District from A to Z , 2009
  6. ↑ O. Kimminich: The assessment of the Munich Agreement in the Prague Treaty and in the literature on international law published on it , Munich 1988
  7. ↑ Gerald Frodl, Walfried Blaschka: The Znaim district from AZ, 2009, South Moravian Landscape Council, Geislingen an der Steige, Book of the Dead p. 378.
  8. ^ Alfred Schickel, Gerald Frodl: History of South Moravia. Volume III. Maurer, Geislingen / Steige 2001, Frain pp. 210, 310, 313, 423, 573, 575. ISBN 3-927498-27-0 .
  9. ↑ Cornelia Znoy: The expulsion of the Sudeten Germans to Austria 1945/46 , diploma thesis to obtain the master’s degree in philosophy, Faculty of Humanities at the University of Vienna, 1995
  10. ^ Alfred Schickel, Gerald Frodl: History of South Moravia. Volume 3. The history of the German South Moravians from 1945 to the present . South Moravian Landscape Council, Geislingen an der Steige 2001, ISBN 3-927498-27-0 , p. 313 f . (Frain).
  11. ↑ Acta Publica Online search in the historical registers of the Moravian Provincial Archives Brno (cz, dt). Retrieved March 31, 2011.
  12. ↑ Codex diplomaticus et epistolaris Moraviae Bl. VII, pp. 818/217
  13. ↑ Historický místopis Moravy a Slezska v letech 1848–1960, sv.9. 1984
  14. ^ South Moravian Yearbook, 1976, p.162
  15. ^ The Waldviertel, 1967, p. 131
  16. ↑ Alois Gröger: Frain ad Thaya - local knowledge and tourist guide, 1929, p. 23
  17. ↑ South Moravian Yearbook, 1995, p. 152