Moravský Krumlov
| Moravský Krumlov | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|||||
| Basic data | |||||
| State : |
 Czech Republic
|
||||
| Region : | Jihomoravský kraj | ||||
| District : | Znojmo | ||||
| Area : | 4956 ha | ||||
| Geographic location : | 49 ° 3 ' N , 16 ° 19' E | ||||
| Height: | 255 m nm | ||||
| Residents : | 5,729 (Jan 1, 2019) | ||||
| Postal code : | 672 01 | ||||
| License plate : | B. | ||||
| traffic | |||||
| Street: | Znojmo - Ivančice | ||||
| Railway connection: | Hrušovany nad Jevišovkou – Brno | ||||
| structure | |||||
| Status: | city | ||||
| Districts: | 4th | ||||
| administration | |||||
| Mayor : | Tomáš Třetina (as of 2020) | ||||
| Address: | náměstí Klášterní 125 672 01 Moravský Krumlov |
||||
| Municipality number: | 594482 | ||||
| Website : | www.mkrumlov.cz | ||||
.jpg)
Moravský Krumlov (German Mährisch Kromau ) is a city in the Czech Republic . It is located 27 kilometers southwest of Brno and belongs to the Okres Znojmo .
geography
Moravsky Krumlov is located at the southwest end of Bosko brázda ( Boskovická brázda ) at the transition to Jevišovice hills ( Jevisovicka pahorkatina ), Bobrawa-Bergland ( Bobravská vrchovina ) and Thaya Schwarza Valley (Dyjsko-svratecký úval). Moravský Krumlov is located in a basin, the old town is surrounded on three sides by the Rokytná river . The Krumlovský les ( Kromau Forest ) extends to the east . State road II / 413 between Znojmo and Ivančice runs through the town . The railway line Hrušovany nad Jevišovkou – Brno runs one kilometer to the east .
Neighboring towns are Polánka and Rokytná in the north, Budkovice and Nové Bránice in the northeast, Trboušany and Jezeřany-Maršovice in the east, Vedrovice in the southeast, Durdice and Rakšice in the south, Rybníky and Vémyslice in the southwest, Tulešice and Dobřínsko in the west and Jamolice in the north-west.
history
As early as 3500 years BC The area was settled. A village probably existed in the 12th century, the first written mentions come from 1240. In 1260 King Přemysl Otakar II elevated the settlement to a town with German rights, the place is also mentioned in the registers of the German King Rudolf von Habsburg on May 6th 1277 as Krumlov. In the 13th century, the Teutonic Knight Order established a Kommende ( branch ) and a hospital in the city.
In 1289 the castle of the Lords of Obrzan (z Obřan) was mentioned, whose line died out in 1312. After that, the city became the property of King John of Luxembourg , who pledged it to Heinrich von Leipa in 1312 . Around 1349 Čenek von Leipa founded a monastery of the Augustinian hermits . The city then passed through several hands. The nobles who owned Moravský Krumlov included the Lords of Kravař , who drove away the German and Catholic population during the Hussite Wars . The noble families von Cimburg and von Leipa followed . During the Hussite Wars, the place was plundered and the Augustinian monastery was destroyed. From 1423 the Taborites used the city as a base and plundered the northern regions of Austria from here. During this time, all of the town's writings and documents were lost. After the end of the Hussite Wars, Berthold von Leipa granted the citizenship the right to brew beer, to sell wine and to testify in 1437; at the same time he confirmed the ownership of the community forest and the freedom of labor . He also obliged the Jews to contribute to the community costs, which is also the oldest evidence of a Jewish community. The city also received two new annual fairs in 1458. The Augustinians returned to their devastated monastery around 1450, but it did not recover and was abandoned around 1500. At the beginning of the 16th century, the first Anabaptists and Moravian brothers settled in Moravia and also in Kromau. Through this and the beginning of the Reformation , the city became increasingly evangelical. Around 1550 the parish was transferred to the Brothers' Union, Jan Blahoslav was one of the preachers . In addition, a Lutheran congregation was established with its own pastor and prayer house. There was also a Hutterite Bruderhof in the city . King Ferdinand I granted the city freedom from red wax in 1540 .
In 1539 and during the Thirty Years War (1623) the plague raged in the city. After the battle of the White Mountain , the city was plundered and depopulated. Due to the expropriations of the Bohemian insurgents by the Habsburgs, the lords of Leipa lost their rule. In 1624 Gundakar von Liechtenstein bought the confiscated Kromau estate for 600,000 guilders. At this time a Catholic pastor was installed again in Kromau. Gundakar von Liechtenstein achieved that the dominions of Kromau and Ungarisch Ostra were elevated to the Principality of Liechtenstein in 1633 . In the royal seat of Kromau, now also officially known as the city of Liechtenstein , the princes introduced German as the official language, and they also promoted the development of craft guilds. The inhabitants were Germanized. The Reformation Anabaptists were also expelled from the country and the re-Catholicization of the city began. In 1634 Gundakar bought the monastery, which had been uninhabited for over a century, from the Augustinian monastery of St. Thomas in Altbrno , and had it rebuilt in 1637 and occupied by piarists in 1641 . On June 20, 1644, Gundakar von Liechtenstein improved the coat of arms by adding the Liechtenstein family coat of arms to the old city coat of arms. The terms Principality of Liechtenstein and City of Liechtenstein did not last long and became out of use again from 1647; After the acquisition of the County of Vaduz and the rule of Schellenberg , the old title was reactivated and in 1719 it was raised to the status of the Imperial Principality of Liechtenstein .
The addition of the name Moravian (Moravský) first appeared in the 17th century to distinguish the town from the Bohemian Krummau . This was followed by occupations by Sweden (1645) and conflagrations, which repeatedly caused destruction. The Piarist monastery was abandoned between 1646 and 1647. After King Ferdinand III. In 1654, Ferdinand Johann von Liechtenstein offered the order the abandoned monastery buildings to the order of the Pauline monks had approved the settlement in Moravia and the purchase of goods up to a value of 15,000 guilders. Ferdinand Johann gave the village of Marschowitz to the Paulins in 1657 ; on July 16, 1658 they moved into the monastery.
The year 1663 was one of the most devastating for the city, as the city was plagued by Turkish invasions, a flood, a major fire and epidemics. Destructive fires also raged in the city later. B. on April 25, 1690, when much of the city was destroyed. After this fire, the citizens' desire to have their patron saint, St. Florian , honor with a chapel. Between 1695 and 1697, Anton Florian von Liechtenstein had a large chapel of St. Build Florian. The registers have been kept since 1685. During the First Silesian War , the Prussians occupied the city. The Pauline monastery was closed on March 17, 1786 in the course of the Josephian reforms and its properties were confiscated from the religious fund as Gut Marschowitz . The former monastery church of St. Bartholomew was intended to hold the German-language church service; the monastery building was bought by a manufacturer. The hospital church was closed. Napoléon Bonaparte visited the castle on November 23, 1805 , and four years later his tens of thousands of soldiers camped in the area for five months. In 1832 a new school was built.
In 1835 the protective town of Krummau , often called Kromau or Krumlow , in the Znojmo district , consisted of 210 houses in which 1442 people, including 345 Jews, lived. Within the double city walls with two gates stood 121 Christian and 43 Jewish houses, the scattered suburb comprised 46 houses. In the city there was a stately castle , the All Saints Church with the mausoleum of the Karlische Linie of the House of Liechtenstein, the daughter church of St. Bartholomew and the hospital church of the Holy Trinity, which had been closed since the end of the 18th century. To the east of the city stood the Florian Chapel. The office building, the Jewish community, various farm buildings and parts of the city were in the direct possession of the landlord. The Jewish community had a synagogue and its own school. The parish church of All Saints, the parish, which was under the deanery Eibenschitz, and the school were under stately patronage. The city was administered by a magistrate consisting of the mayor and three councilors. Four annual markets, two large weekly markets, three flax and yarn markets and a Thursday weekly market were held. Krummau was the parish for Rakschitz , Ribnik and Rothigel . Until the middle of the 19th century, Krummau was the official seat of the Fideikommiss-Primogeniturherrschaft Mährisch-Krummau including the attached goods Frainspitz and Groß Tajax , to which besides Krummau also the city Eibenschitz , the markets Hosterlitz , Proßmeritz , Rauchowan , Weimislitz and Wolframitz as well as 35 villages a total of about 22,500 residents.
After the abolition of patrimonial the city of Kromau / Krumlov became the seat of a district administration, a district court ( judicial district Kromau ) and a tax administration from 1849 . In 1851 Dobřínsko, Rakšice and Rokytná were incorporated. Another setback for development was the Austro-Prussian War of 1866–1867 in the city . The Prussian soldiers occupied the city and brought cholera with them. In 1869 Kromau became a district town . Dobřínsko, Rakšice and Rokytná broke away in the same year and formed their own communities. From September 15, 1870, the city was connected to the rail network (the StEG line Brno - Vienna with the branch to Znojmo) and thus received its own train station, which, however, was far outside. In 1885 Kromau received the official addition to the name "Mährisch- / Moravský". From 1898 onwards, some industrial plants and street lighting had already been electrified in Mährisch-Kromau. The rest of the city followed in 1918. Likewise, water pipes were laid in the city by 1906.
With the death of Rudolf von Liechtenstein in 1908, the Charles line in the male line expired ; Ferdinand Rudolf Kinsky von Wchinitz and Tettau became heir to the castle and the associated manor . In the pre-war period, Mährisch-Kromau was a popular summer destination for the Viennese. In 1903, Aschmeritz, Babitz, Böhmdorf , Chlupitz , Damitz, Gubschitz, Hosterlitz, Irritz, Kaschnitzfeld , Kodau, Lidmeritz, Misslitz , Nispitz , Klein-Seelowitz, Socherl, Tullnitz, Wenzeldorf and Wolframitz belonged to the Kromau manor .
After the First World War , which killed 116 Kromauer, the multi-ethnic state of Austria-Hungary fell apart . The 1919 Peace Treaty of Saint Germain declared the place part of the new Czechoslovak Republic . In that year Rakschitz was incorporated again and as part of the Czechization all German officials (approx. 100) were transferred to Czech locations in Bohemia. German schools in the city were also closed. According to the 1910 census, 72.4% of the population indicated German as a colloquial language. The census in 1921, on the other hand, showed only 502 (14.4%) German Moravians and a large majority of Czechs in the city. This result was questioned by the old Austrians. Despite this protest, the census was validated and confirmed by the results of the next census in 1930. At that time, 3047 residents referred to themselves as Czechs and 349 as Germans. In the course of the land reform of 1924, 16 of the 17 Meierhöfe of the Kinsky family were expropriated. In 1930 the city consisted of 409 houses, in the district of Rakschitz there were another 257. As a result of the Munich Agreement , which dictated the cession of the Sudeten German territories, the district of Mährisch Kromau was dissolved in 1938 and the city that had been separated from it was added to the Greater German Reich . In October 1938, German troops entered the city, which then, as part of until 1945 district Znojmo for Gau Lower Danube belonged. In the next few years many Czech officials and merchants moved to Bohemia.
The Second World War claimed 48 victims among the inhabitants and ended on 7/8. May 1945 with a Soviet air raid that left three quarters of the city in ruins. 113 houses were destroyed, another 270 damaged. After the end of the war, the territories ceded to the German Reich in 1938, including Moravian Krumlov, were returned to Czechoslovakia . At the same time, the old district structures were restored. After the Red Army withdrew, the city was occupied by militant Czechs. In excesses of the German Moravian population and Altösterreichern there were 22 civilian deaths. On March 30, 1946, 22 people were forcibly evacuated . The property of the German residents was confiscated by the Beneš decree 108 . The castle and the property of Rudolf Anton Kinsky were also confiscated, as he had made a significant contribution to the annexation of the city to the German Empire in 1938. Various authorities who had lost their offices due to the destruction of the market now moved into the castle. Approx. a quarter of the expelled Mährisch-Kromau families could remain in Austria, all others were transferred to Bavaria or Baden-Württemberg.
As part of a territorial reform, the Okres Moravský Krumlov was repealed on July 1, 1960 and the city was assigned to the Okres Znojmo . In the same year Rokýtna was incorporated; In 1976 Polánka was added.
Coat of arms and seal
The city coat of arms originally showed a silver pinnacle tower in the blue shield, accompanied by two red shields with silver, arrow-like symbols. The colors changed slightly over the years. On June 20, 1644, Gundakar von Liechtenstein improved the coat of arms by adding the family coat of arms of the House of Liechtenstein with the prince's hat to the old city coat of arms .
The oldest seal dates from 1355. It shows a pinnacle tower, which is surrounded by a shield and a helmet. The label contains two branches crossed diagonally, the helmet gem consists of a fish covered with peacock fields. The shield image with helmet and crest was the family coat of arms of the Lords of Leipa, the owners of the estate at that time. The seal remained largely unchanged until the 20th century.
Population development
| census | Total population | Ethnicity of the inhabitants | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| year | German | Czechs | Other | |
| 1835 | 1442 | |||
| 1869 | 1761 | |||
| 1880 | 1830 | 817 | 992 | 21st |
| 1890 | 1868 | 1180 | 653 | 35 |
| 1900 | 2126 | 1233 | 879 | 14th |
| 1910 | 2106 | 1525 | 564 | 17th |
| 1921 | 3484 (without districts: 2333) | 502 | 2844 | 138 |
| 1930 | 3476 (without districts: 2304) | 349 | 3047 | 80 |
| 1950 | 3112 (without districts: 2023) | |||
| 1980 | 5590 (without districts: 4116) | |||
| 2001 | 6102 (without districts: 4723) | |||
Note: Rakschitz was incorporated in 1919, Rokýtna in 1960 and Polánka in 1976.
Community structure
The town of Moravský Krumlov consists of the districts Moravský Krumlov ( Moravian Kromau ), Polánka ( Polanka ), Rakšice ( Rakschitz ) and Rokytná ( Rottigl ). Basic settlement units are Durdice, Kačenka-Lerchov, Moravský Krumlov-historické jádro, Na hříbku, Obora-Křižák, Padělky k lesu, Polánka, Polesí Leskoun, Rakšice, Rokytná, U nádraží and Zachráněná.
The municipality is divided into the cadastral districts of Moravský Krumlov, Polánka u Moravského Krumlova and Rokytná.
Personalities
- In 1537 Paracelsus lived here .
- Mořic Odstrčil , founder of the Bohemian general school
- Emanuel Heizel , founder of the Bohemian Citizens School
- In 1571, Bishop of the Brothers Union (Jednota Bratrská) Jan Blahoslav died here .
- Erich Dichtel (1890–1955), acad. Animal painter
- Rudolf Kinsky (1898–1965), last owner of the estate
- Erich Sloschek (1897–1970), local history researcher
- Petr Málek (1961–2019), marksman
Attractions
- Moravský Krumlov Castle
- The monumental picture cycle Slavic Epic by Alfons Maria Mucha in Schloss. Brought to Prague since 2011.
- Meander of the Rokytná River
- Schlosspark, an English park with exotic plants
- Parish Church of All Saints (Farní kostel Všech Svatých), originally Ed. Laurentius (1248), rebuilt between 1646 and 1660 and consecrated again. The tombstones of Katharina von Leipa, born von Krawarn († 1441) and Johann Ferdinand von Liechtenstein († 1666) are in the church.
- Former Pauline monastery with the Church of St. Bartholomäus (Kostel sv. Bartoloměje) from the second half of the 14th century, completely renovated by Gundakar von Liechtenstein (1634), high altar painting by Johann Georg Gutwein (1701), three-king altar by Ignaz Lengelacher. In 1688 Max von Liechtenstein had a chapel of St. Rochus, Sebastian and Rosalia, which was later converted into a sacristy. In addition to this, Max von Liechtenstein had a Marienkapelle built in 1693 with a star-shaped floor plan, in which he was buried in 1709 next to his second wife Eleonore († 1702). The monastery building now serves as the seat of the city administration.
- Princely House ( Knížecí dům ) on Masaryk Square from the 13th century
- Pilgrimage chapel of St. Florian (Kaple Sv. Floriána) on Florianiberg, built 1695–1697, high altar painting by Johann Georg Gutwein (1702). It was partially destroyed by the French in 1809 and rebuilt in 1834.
- City fortifications from the 13th-15th centuries century
- Well chapel of the Virgin Mary (Kaple Panny Marie) from the 19th century not far from Rottigl (Rokytná district)
- Jewish cemetery near the Upper Palace Park from the 16th century
- Mausoleum of the younger line of the House of Liechtenstein (near the parish church) with frescoes and picture of the Savior by Josef Huber (1789). It was built in 1789 by Eleonore von Liechtenstein as a burial place for her husband Karl Borromeo , and in 1795 the first-born son Karl Joseph Emanuel was also buried.
- Rectory (1653), remodeled in 1873
- St. John of Nepomuk (late 18th century) in front of the parish church
- Hospital Church of St. Trinity, it was a church of the Teutonic Order until 1454, renovated in 1669, destroyed by fire in 1833, restored in 1880, destroyed in an air raid in 1945
- Immaculata (1st half of the 18th century)
- Stallburg near the castle, 1592 with renaissance gate
- Floriani fountain, created in 1623, restored in 1693, damaged and demolished in 1945.
- Plague column (1636) near the Upper Palace Park
literature
- Loserth Johann: The Communism of the Moravian Anabaptists in the 16th and 17th centuries . Contributions to their history, teaching and constitution. Carl Gerold's son, (1894)
- František Hrubý: The Anabaptists in Moravia Leipzig (1935)
- Friedrich Zieglschmid: The oldest chronicle of the Hutterite brothers . A language monument from the early New High German period, New York (1943)
- Vilém Haòak: Some descriptions of places from the Mährisch-Kromau district (with translation) (1913)
- Vilém Haòák: Moravsko-Krumlovský okres - Vlastivìda moravská cis.34 (1913)
- Kriebel / Jan Karásek: Moravsko Krumlovsko a Hrotovsko Vlastivìdny Sbornik (1925)
- Erich Sloschek: History of the City of Mährisch-Kromau (1937)
- Johann Zabel: Church handler for South Moravia, 1941, Vicariate General Nikolsburg, Mährisch-Kromau p. 43
- Anton Becker: The Mährisch Kromau Area (1943)
- Jiri Cerny: Poutni mista jihozapadni Moravy (Pilgrimage Sites in Southwest Moravia) , Pelhrimov 2005.
- Erich Sloschek: History of the town of Mährisch-Kromau from the earliest times to 1966 (1967)
- Kromauer Heimatbrief, April 1966 - December (1968)
- Erich Sloschek: History of the City of Mährisch-Kromau, Volume I (1972)
- Karel Plicka: Vlast Líbezná (1979)
- Stefan Grohsschmiedt: Prehistoric and early historical finds from Mähr. Kromau - Dr. St. Grohsschmiedt
- Erich Sloschek: The Kromauer Ländchen Volume I-XVI
- Georg Dehio, Karl Ginhart : Handbook of German art monuments in the Ostmark. 1941, Mährisch-Kromau p. 314.
- Felix Ermacora : The Sudeten German questions , legal opinion, publisher: Langen Müller, 1992, ISBN 3-7844-2412-0
swell
- Felix Bornemann: Arts and Crafts in South Moravia (1990), Mährisch Kromau page 18f
- Bruno Kaukal: The coats of arms and seals of the South Moravian communities (1992), Mährisch Kromau, page 131f
- Alfred Schickel, Gerald Frodl: History of South Moravia. Volume 3. The history of the German South Moravians from 1945 to the present . South Moravian Landscape Council, Geislingen an der Steige 2001, ISBN 3-927498-27-0 , p. 263 f . (Moravian Kromau).
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Obec Moravský Krumlov: Podrobné informace , uir.cz
- ↑ Český statistický úřad - The population of the Czech municipalities as of January 1, 2019 (PDF; 7.4 MiB)
- ^ Paul Dedic: Kromau (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic) . In: Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online
- ^ Evelin Oberhammer: Mährisch Kromau (rule, Czech Moravský Krumlov). In: Historical Lexicon of the Principality of Liechtenstein .
- ^ Gregor Wolny : The Margraviate of Moravia, presented topographically, statistically and historically . Volume III: Znaimer Kreis, Brünn 1837, pp. 330–335
- ^ Felix Ermacora : The unreached peace: St. Germain and the consequences; 1919-1989 , Amalthea Verlag, Vienna, Munich, 1989, ISBN 3-85002-279-X
- ^ Elizabeth Wiskemann : Czechs and Germans . London 1938. p. 152.
- ↑ Walfried Blaschka, Gerald Frodl: The Znaim district from A to Z. 2009.
- ↑ Gerald Frodl, Walfried Blaschka: The Znaim district from AZ, 2009, South Moravian Landscape Council, Geislingen an der Steige, Book of the Dead p. 378.
- ^ Alfred Schickel, Gerald Frodl: History of South Moravia. Volume III. Maurer, Geislingen / Steige 2001, ISBN 3-927498-27-0 , Mährisch-Kromau 261, 263, 266, 267, 270, 271, 275, 515, 573.
- ^ Alfred Schickel, Gerald Frodl: History of South Moravia. Volume 3. The history of the German South Moravians from 1945 to the present . South Moravian Landscape Council, Geislingen an der Steige 2001, ISBN 3-927498-27-0 , p. 263 (Moravian-Kromau).
- ↑ Emilia Hrabovec: Expulsion and Deportation. Germans in Moravia 1945–1947 , Frankfurt am Main / Bern / New York / Vienna (= Vienna Eastern European Studies. Series of publications by the Austrian Institute for Eastern and South Eastern Europe), 1995 and 1996
- ^ Adalbert Karl Gauss : Resettlers, refugees, displaced persons and new citizens in Austria . 1979. Salzburg: Österr. Refugee Archive
- ↑ Codex diplomaticus et epistolaris Moraviae, Volume V, p. 290
- ^ Gregor Wolny : The Margraviate of Moravia, presented topographically, statistically and historically . Volume III: Znojmo District, Brno 1837, p. 330
- ↑ Chytilův místopis ČSR, 2nd updated edition, 1929, p. 579 Krtinov - Krumpach
- ↑ including 11 Jews
- ↑ Historický místopis Moravy a Slezska v letech 1848–1960, sv.9. 1984
- ↑ Historický lexikon obcí České republiky 1869–2005 , Part 1, p. 646
- ↑ Části obcí , uir.cz
- ↑ Základní sídelní jednotky , uir.cz
- ↑ Katastrální území , uir.cz