Český Krumlov

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Český Krumlov
Coat of arms of Český Krumlov
Český Krumlov (Czech Republic)
Paris plan pointer b jms.svg
Basic data
State : Czech RepublicCzech Republic Czech Republic
Historical part of the country : Bohemia
Region : Jihočeský kraj
District : Český Krumlov
Area : 2217 ha
Geographic location : 48 ° 49 '  N , 14 ° 19'  E Coordinates: 48 ° 48 '37 "  N , 14 ° 18' 53"  E
Height: 492  m nm
Residents : 13,085 (Jan. 1, 2019)
Postal code : 381 01
License plate : C.
traffic
Street: Budweis - Horní Planá
Railway connection: České Budějovice – Černý Kříž
structure
Status: city
Districts: 10
administration
Mayor : Dalibor Carda ( ČSSD ) (as of 2018)
Address: nám. Svornosti 1
381 01 Český Krumlov
Municipality number: 545392
Website : obcan.ckrumlov.info
Location of Český Krumlov in the Český Krumlov district
map

Český Krumlov [ ˈtʃɛskiː ˈkrʊmlɔf ] ( listen ? / I ), German Krumau , also Böhmisch Krumau , Krumau an der Moldau or Krummau , is a city in South Bohemia ( Czech Republic ). The historic old town is listed as a cultural monument on the UNESCO World Heritage List . The city was declared an urban monument protection area in 1963 . Audio file / audio sample  

Geographical location

Old town and castle

The city lies on both banks of the Vltava , which forms a bend in the river, from which the place name "krumme Au" is derived, at an altitude of 509 m above sea level, about 58 km north of the Austrian city of Linz . The city center is on the right side of the river in the river bend; north of it on the left side of the Vltava on the spur between the Vltava and its tributary Polečnice ( Blätterbach ) lie the castle and the Latrán. To the northwest lies the Blanský les ( Plansker Forest ). To the north of the city rises the Kleť (1080 m) , which offers good visibility .

Neighboring towns are Třisov ( Trissau ) and Plešovice ( Pleschowitz ) in the north, Zlatá Koruna ( Goldenkron ), Šěkře and Černice ( Cernitz ) in the northeast, Markvartice ( Makwartitz ) and Mirkovice ( Mirkowitz ) in the east, Malčice ( Maltschitz ) and Přídolí ( Priethal ) í ( Priethal ) in the south-east, Spoli ( Pohlen ) and Větřní ( Wetter ) in the south, Kájov ( Gojau ) and Novosedly ( Neusiedl ) in the west and Křenov ( Krenau ) and Chvalšiny ( Kalsching ) in the north-west.

Community structure

Český Krumlov consists of the following districts:

  • Domoradice ( Dumrowitz )
  • Horní Brána ( Upper Gate )
  • Latrán ( Latron )
  • Nádražní Předměstí ( station suburb )
  • Nové Dobrkovice ( Neuturkowitz )
  • Nové Spolí ( New Poles )
  • Plešivec ( Flößberg )
  • Slupenec ( Lupenz )
  • Vnitřní Město ( Inner City )
  • Vyšný ( sour cherries ).

Český Krumlov also includes the Drahoslavice ( Troschelhof ), Martinka, Nový Dvůr ( Neuhof ) and Špičák ( Spitzenberg ) residential areas . Basic settlement units are Český Krumlov-střed, Domoradice, Domoradice-průmyslový obvod, Dubík, Horní Brána, Kvítkův Dvůr ( Favoritenhof ), Latrán, Nádražní Předměstí, Novédměstí, Novéměstítý, Dobryštlištlišdý, Sdýdýšdý, Sdýděšdý, Sdýděšdý, Sdýděšdý, Sdýdíšdý, Sdýdíšdý, Sdýděšdý, Sdýtecítlišdý, Sdýděšdý, Sodýtlišdý, Sodýtlišdý, Sovýtlišdý, Sodýtlišdý, Sodýtlišdý, Sodýtlišdý, Sodýtlišdý, Předovíšdý, Předněstí, Novédýsíšdý Slupenec, U Havraní skály, U Vltavy, Vyšný, Za Horní Bránou and Za tavírnou.

The municipality is divided into the cadastral districts of Český Krumlov, Kladné-Dobrkovice, Přísečná-Domoradice, Slupenec, Spolí-Nové Spolí and Vyšný.

Neighboring communities

Přísečná
Kájov Neighboring communities Mirkovice
Větřní Přídolí

history

View from the castle tower to the castle, the Vltava and the old town

Even in prehistoric times one of the leading Linzer hillfort Gründberg incoming traffic route by here for Settlement of Třísov and the Vltava River to the north. Since 900 at the latest, the precious salt has been transported on the Linzer Steig from the loading stations on the Danube through the Haselgraben into the saltless Bohemia, whereby after the fords of the later places Hohenfurt (Vyšší Brod) (name!) And Ottau (Zátoň) the Vltava near Krumau to the was crossed third time.

Over this ford on the Vltava river, the Witigonen built a castle around 1240, which was first mentioned in 1253 and was owned by Witiko de Chrumbenowe . The castle, whose Czech name Crumlov is documented for 1259, was the seat of the Witigon family branch of the Lords of Krumlov , which went out in 1302 with Wok from Krumlov . King Wenzel II transferred its possessions to the also Witigonic line of the Lords of Rosenberg , whose coat of arms is still part of the city flag today. Heinrich I von Rosenberg , who until then resided at Rosenberg Castle, transferred his seat to Krumau Castle in 1302, which served as the Rosenbergs' residence for 300 years. Heinrich's son Peter I von Rosenberg had the Upper Castle built in the first third of the 14th century.

A settlement on the right bank of the Vltava has been documented since the middle of the 13th century. Colonists from Bavaria and Austria settled in it and by the old castle on the left bank. The community ad latera castelli ( Latrán ), located on the left bank of the Vltava, was first mentioned in 1274. Both settlements were connected by a bridge in 1347 and united into one city. As early as 1334, the Rosenbergs received the approval of the king for the settlement of Jewish families, who formed their own colony. A city council is documented for the year 1336. Around this time the city was fortified with a new wall and the previous gates reinforced with towers. In 1375 the Rosenbergs founded the new town in the neighborhood of the Latrán. Due to the expansion of handicrafts and trade, the extraction of silver ore and its location on the important connection between Budweis and Austria, the city achieved an economic boom in the 14th century, which was accompanied by the development of religious institutions.

The St. Vitus Church was built around 1309 and the St. Jobst Hospital was built in 1317. In 1357 the Minorites settled in Krumau, whose St. Francis monastery was consecrated in 1358. In 1361 the Poor Clares followed , who built the monastery of St. Clare. During the Hussite Wars in 1420 the Minorite monastery was damaged. In the religious disputes, the nobility and clergy were on the Catholic side with the Lords of Rosenberg. Although the German population has declined significantly, there is evidence of a German preacher as well as a Czech preacher in 1439. After silver had been discovered above the castle, there was a renewed influx of German miners from 1473, so that in the 16th century the German population again predominated. As early as 1494, the city had the privileges of a royal city, and in 1519 the Meissen Mountain Regulations were introduced. Under the regent Wilhelm von Rosenberg , who held the office of Bohemian Chamberlain and Castle Count and developed foreign policy ambitions, the Upper Castle was converted into a representative Renaissance palace by the builders Antonio Ericer and Baldassare Maggi . In 1584 Wilhelm von Rosenberg summoned the Jesuits to Krumau and had a large college building built for them from 1586–1588 . At this time there were almost 2,000 inhabitants in 331 houses in Krumlov.

After Wilhelm's death in 1592, his younger brother Peter Wok von Rosenberg followed as regent of Krumlov . He was the last Rosenberger in the male line and in 1602 had to sell the Krumau rule to Emperor Rudolf II because of excessive indebtedness, which was probably caused by the exhaustion of the silver mines . He left Krumau to his illegitimate son Julius d'Austria as his residence. During the Bohemian uprising , the Estates army tried unsuccessfully to conquer the city. After the Battle of the White Mountain , Emperor Ferdinand II gave the rule of Krumlov to his court chamber president Hans Ulrich von Eggenberg in 1622 for his services in the Catholic League . A year later, Eggenberg rose to the rank of imperial prince , making Krumlov a duchy. During the Thirty Years War the city was sacked several times. After the end of the war, numerous secular and ecclesiastical buildings were rebuilt in the baroque style.

After the Eggenbergs died out in 1719, Krumlov fell to the Schwarzenbergs . Subsequently, Adam Franz von Schwarzenberg initiated numerous conversions and extensions in the burgraviate in the Viennese Baroque style. Prince Schwarzenberg carried the title Duke of Krumlov from the Krumlov rule with the right to keep his own guard (40 men under one captain).

After the Schwarzenberg princes moved their residence from Krumlov to the Fraunberg Castle (Hluboká) in 1871, Krumlov Castle served as the administrative center of the Krumlov domain. In the middle of the 19th century, Krumlov formed a municipality that belonged to the judicial district of Krumlov in the later political district of Krumlov . It was the seat of the district court and the district administration. At the beginning of the 20th century, Krumlov had a large castle on a steep cliff above the Vltava River with a beautiful chapel, archive, library (30,000 volumes), picture gallery and extensive park, a minorite convent , a grammar school, a student convict and was an industrial site.

In 1910 the city consisted of 8,662 inhabitants, 7,367 of whom were German and 1,295 were Czech-speaking. After the establishment of Czechoslovakia in 1918, Krumau was to become a center of the planned Bohemian Forest region as part of the province of German Bohemia planned by Austria . After the province of German Bohemia was proclaimed on October 29, 1918, one day after the founding of Czechoslovakia, there were political tensions between the German and Czech population, which led to the occupation of Krumau by the Czechoslovak army on November 28, 1918 . Under international law, Krumlov was only assigned to Czechoslovakia on June 28, 1919 with the Treaty of Saint-Germain . The treaty did not address minority rights.

Expulsion of the Germans

Since the Munich Agreement , from 1938 onwards, the city belonged to the Gau Upper Austria of the German Empire, renamed Reichsgau Oberdonau . In 1945 the majority of the German-Bohemian population was expelled and found in Austria and West Germany. The private and public assets of the German local residents were confiscated by the Beneš decree 108 , the assets of the Protestant church were liquidated by the Beneš decree 131 and the Catholic Church was expropriated during the communist era .

Czech new settlers took over apartments, shops and businesses. In 1948 the castle and the Schwarzenberg family's property were nationalized.

Recent history

In 1963 the city center was declared a monument reservation, which meant that the historical building fabric and the unique ensemble were preserved. This enabled it to be declared a cultural monument after the political change in 1989 and included in the UNESCO World Heritage list in 1992. This was followed by restoration of the historical buildings and squares; the city gained tourist importance, which was followed by an economic boom. Until 2002, Český Krumlov was the seat of the administration of Okres Český Krumlov .

Český Krumlov and the Vltava are an important center of canoeing , which is very popular in the Czech Republic , especially canoeing .

Demographics

Population development until 1945
census Residents

total

nationality
year German Czechs Other
1900 8,676 7,317 1.317 -
1910 8,662 7,367 1,295 -
1921 8,226 5,894 2,043 -
1930 8,692 5,956 2,083 -
1939 8,368 - - -

Culture and sights

Theaters and museums

Buildings

The castle at night
  • The historic city ​​center has been a World Heritage Site since 1992.
  • The Český Krumlov Castle is the second largest historical building in the Czech Republic after the Prague Castle and covers a total area of ​​ten hectares. It is also home to a baroque palace theater , which is one of the two baroque theaters that have been preserved around the world, which have been preserved in their original state and whose stage machinery is fully functional. The entire stage mechanism is made of wood and requires a total of 35 people to operate it. Without interrupting the game, new scenes can be created from a pool of 17 stage sets by inserting backdrops , for example columned hall, military camp, garden, city, dungeon or jungle. The theater in its current form was built in the fifth courtyard in 1680–1682 on behalf of Prince Johann Christian von Eggenberg, who was a great art lover and patron. Today there are performances (with very limited tickets) as part of the annual Baroque Festival in June.
  • The mantle bridge was created in 1767 as a three-storey connecting passage between the residence, garden and theater.
  • The St. Vitus Church from 1309 was rebuilt in 1407–1439. The choir was built before 1500 by the building works of Hans Gezinger, who had been active in Krumau since 1497. The main altar was recreated in 1673–1683 and the church was redesigned in Baroque style in 1725–1726. The sculpture of the Krumlov Madonna , which was created around 1390 and has been exhibited in the Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna since 1922 , may have been located there .
  • The prelature and the Jesuit college are attached to the St. Vitus Church .
  • The Minorite and Poor Clare Monastery with the Church of Corpus Christi and the Sorrows of Mary was built in the 14th century and redesigned in the baroque style in 1649–1681.
  • The town hall was built around 1580 by connecting two older houses.
  • The Marian column on the market square was built in 1716.
  • In addition to the permanent exhibition, the Egon Schiele Art Centrum also features temporary exhibitions of modern art.
  • Statues of Josef Malinský in the town cemetery
  • Synagogue and Jewish cemetery

  • Panoramic view from the castle tower over the old town

  • Sgraffiti in the castle

  • Fountain in the castle park

  • flag

  • The Egon Schiele Art Center

  • View of the castle with the tower

  • Castle tower

  • A typical street in the old town

  • Historic building with the Vltava in the foreground

  • Marketplace with fountain, town houses and business houses

  • A typical street in the old town

  • Manhole cover embossed with Česky Krumlov

  • View from the castle

  • Figure of a saint on the Vltava Bridge

Green spaces and recreation

Regular events

  • Festival of the five-petalled rose : In June the city is transformed back into the Renaissance for three days. Knight tournaments, historical handicraft markets, medieval music, street theater and the historical costume parade give the festival its character.
  • International music festival : concerts are held for four weeks in July and August at interesting locations in the city and the surrounding area.

Culinary specialties

  • Krumlov cookies (Krumlovské cookies)
  • Smoked dude (Nakouřený švihák), a "dark lager of the Bohemian type"

Economy and Infrastructure

Companies

In the old town, in the district of Latrán, is the Eggenberg brewery , which was founded in 1560.

education

  • The grammar school ends with the Abitur, which entitles you to study at universities and technical colleges.
  • Technical school and vocational school for nurses, technical school for mechanical and electrical engineering, technical school for arts and crafts

traffic

The city is located on trunk road 39 , which joins trunk road 3 (to Budweis ) to the northeast and connects to trunk road 4 (border crossing Strážný ) to the west past the Lipno reservoir .

Personalities

Sons and daughters

People related to the city

  • Wenzel Albin von Helfenburg (~ 1500–1577), archivist and chancellor of the Lords of Rosenberg.
  • Jakob Krčín von Jelčany (1535–1604), dike builder and economic administrator for the Lords of Rosenberg.
  • Šimon Lomnický z Budče (1552–1622), Czech writer, went to school in Český Krumlov.
  • Ignaz Spiro (1817–1894), industrialist in the paper industry
  • Johann Josef Ammann (1852–1913), ethnographer and educator
  • Gustav Jungbauer (1886–1942), German-Bohemian university professor, ethnographer, one of the founders of the Bohemian Forest Museum in Horní Planá , went to school in Krumlov.
  • Egon Schiele (1890–1918), Austrian expressionist painter
  • Hans Foschum (1906–1956), Bohemian-Austrian architect, Oberbaurat der Oö. State building directorate, went to school in Krumau, lived and worked in Krumau for a few years.
  • Karl Ritter von Stremayr (1823–1904), Minister for Culture and Education, honorary citizenship in recognition of his services to the establishment of the Kk Staatsrealgymnasium
  • Petr Eben (1929–2007), Czech composer, childhood and studies in Krumau

See also:

Egon Schiele in Krumau

Egon Schiele: The Small City II ; 1912-1913

In 1911 the painter Egon Schiele moved to Krumau, the birthplace of his mother, and set up a studio here. With his wild marriage and the nudes of young girls, he met with rejection from the population. In the same year he was forced to move to Neulengbach near Vienna . Schiele was arrested here in April 1912 as a result of the hostility in Krumau on suspicion of seducing a minor. Despite unproven guilt, he was detained for three days and previously in custody for 14 days. The internationally renowned Egon Schiele Art Centrum was named after him.

Others

The asteroid of the main outer belt (2747) Český Krumlov is named after the city.

literature

In order of appearance:

  • Johann Mark: Mr. Ulrich II. Von Rosenberg, with special consideration of his relations with Krumau . In: Second annual report of the kk Staats-Realgymnasium in Krumau . Verlag des Realgymnasiums, Krumau 1874, pp. 3–39.
  • Valentin Schmidt, Alois Picha: Document book of the city of Krummau in Bohemia . Volume 1, self-published by the Association for the History of Germans in Bohemia, Prague 1908.
  • Josef Schwarzmeier: In the rings of the Krummauer Schloßberg special edition of the “Landbote”, printing and publishing house Ed. Bayands Nachf., Krummau 1929, p. 136.
  • Joachim Bahlcke , Winfried Eberhard, Miloslav Polívka (eds.): Handbook of historical places . Volume: Bohemia and Moravia (= Kröner's pocket edition . Volume 329). Kröner, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-520-32901-8 , pp. 53-57.
  • Harald Salfellner (ed.): Reading trip Krummau (=  Vitalis reading trip. Vol. 7). Vitalis , Prague [u. a.] 2005, ISBN 3-89919-038-6 .
  • Reinhold Fink: Greetings from Krummau. Old postcards tell stories . Morsak-Verlag Grafenau, 2000, ISBN 3-87553-543-X .
  • Regina Hadjio-Wieland: Krumlov - Krumbenove - Krumau. An etymological search for traces . Hamburg 2015, ISBN 978-3-00-051209-4 .
  • Rupert Essl: The district of Krummau on the Moldau . The home of Adalbert Stifter. 743 pages. Self-published by the home district of Krumau a. M. 1983.
  • Jan Šícha, Eva Habel, Peter Liebald, Gudrun Heissig: Odsun. The expulsion of the Sudeten Germans. Documentation on the causes, planning and realization of an "ethnic cleansing" in the middle of Europe in 1945/46. Sudeten German Archive, Munich 1995, ISBN 3-930626-08-X .

Web links

Wikivoyage: Český Krumlov  - travel guide
Commons : Český Krumlov  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ http://www.uir.cz/obec/545392/Cesky-Krumlov
  2. ↑ Český statistický úřad - The population of the Czech municipalities as of January 1, 2019 (PDF; 0.8 MiB)
  3. ↑ http://www.uir.cz/casti-obce-obec/545392/Obec-Cesky-Krumlov
  4. ↑ http://www.uir.cz/zsj-obec/545392/Obec-Cesky-Krumlov
  5. ↑ http://www.uir.cz/katastralni-uzemi-obec/545392/Obec-Cesky-Krumlov
  6. ↑ See The Salt Trail . In: Online encyclopedia encyklopedie.ckrumlov.cz about Krummau .
  7. ↑ a b Meyer's Large Conversation Lexicon . 6th edition, Volume 11, Leipzig and Vienna 1907, pp. 747-748.
  8. ^ Konrad Badenheuer : The Sudeten Germans. An ethnic group in Europe. Sudeten German Council, Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-00-021603-9 .
  9. ↑ Detlef Brandes : The way to expulsion 1938-1945. Oldenbourg, Munich 2005, ISBN 3-486-56731-4
  10. ^ KK Central Statistical Commission, Community encyclopedia of the kingdoms and countries represented in the Imperial Council. Edited on the basis of the results of the census of December 31, 1900. Volume IX Bohemia (Vienna 1904) p. 394.
  11. ↑ Gerald D. Feldman et al., Austrian banks and savings banks under National Socialism and in the post-war period (Munich 2006) p. 897.
  12. ^ Genealogy Sudetenland. Retrieved January 3, 2017 .
  13. ↑ Fronta.cz. Retrieved January 3, 2017 .
  14. ^ Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. Krummau an der Moldau district. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
  15. ^ The Castle Theater in Český Krumlov . In: Online encyclopedia encyklopedie.ckrumlov.cz about Krummau .
  16. ^ A b Egon Schiele Art Center Český Krumlov on schieleartcentrum.cz.
  17. ↑ Festival of the five-petalled rose . In: Online encyclopedia encyklopedie.ckrumlov.cz about Krummau .
  18. ↑ Local gastronomic specialties , Tourist Information of the City of Český Krumlov
  19. ^ Lutz D. Schmadel : Dictionary of Minor Planet Names . Fifth Revised and Enlarged Edition. Ed .: Lutz D. Schmadel. 5th edition. Springer Verlag , Berlin , Heidelberg 2003, ISBN 978-3-540-29925-7 , pp.  186 (English, 992 pp., Link.springer.com [ONLINE; accessed on September 11, 2019] Original title: Dictionary of Minor Planet Names . First edition: Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg 1992): “1980 DW. Discovered 1980 Feb. 19 by A. Mrkos at Kleť. "