Lechovice

Lechovice
Basic data
State :	Czech Republic
Region :	Jihomoravský kraj
District :	Znojmo
Area :	572 ha
Geographic location :	48 ° 52 '  N , 16 ° 13'  E Coordinates: 48 ° 52 '25 "  N , 16 ° 13' 19"  E
Height:	197  m nm
Residents :	562 (Jan. 1, 2019)
Postal code :	671 63
License plate :	B.
structure
Status:	local community
Districts:	1
administration
Mayor :	Josef Juráček (as of 2009)
Address:	Lechovice 32 671 63 Lechovice
Municipality number:	594334
Website :	www.obec-lechovice.cz

Lechovice (German Lechwitz ) is a municipality in Okres Znojmo ( Znojmo District), Jihomoravský kraj (South Moravia Region) in the Czech Republic . The place is about ten kilometers east of Znojmo (Znaim).

geography

Lechovice is located on the right side of the Jevišovka in the Thaya-Schwarza valley .

Neighboring towns are Borotice ( Borotitz ) in the south, Čejkovice ( Schakwitz ) in the east, Stošíkovice na Louce ( Teßwitz an der Wiese ) and Práče ( Pratsch ) in the west. The place itself was laid out as a street green village.

history

Lechwitz Castle in winter

In the 11th to 13th centuries there was a great movement of settlements from west to east. Moravia was ruled by the Přemyslid dynasty from 1031 to 1305 . In order to use larger areas for agriculture and thus achieve higher yields, the colonists advertised them, for example, with ten years of tax exemption (German settler law). By 1150, the area around Mikulov (Nikolsburg) and Znojmo (Znaim) was settled by German immigrants from Lower Austria . The ui dialect that was spoken until 1945 and the layout of the village show that they originally came from the Bavarian areas of the dioceses of Regensburg and Passau. They brought new agricultural equipment with them and introduced the high-yield three-field economy .

Lechwitz was first mentioned in a document in 1255, whereby the document also referred to a festival. In 1389 part of the village was bought by the Bruck monastery, while the other part of the village was administered by the Poor Clare monastery in Znojmo. Despite the sale of this part of the village a few years later, the Bruck Monastery bought the place back completely in 1660. In 1721 Abbot Wellner built the large cruciform pilgrimage church 'Maria Heimsuchung'. This became the landmark of Lechwitz. Due to the pilgrimages that followed, there was a rapid economic boom in the town. The abbots also had a castle built as a summer residence in Lechwitz. From 1740 there is a report of a school in the village. The registers were kept at Groß-Olkowitz until 1785 and later in town. A year earlier, due to the Josephine reforms , the place falls under the administration of the Religious Fund.

In the years 1808–11 the imperial road Znojmo - Lechwitz - Pohrlitz is built, which represents a connection between the already existing imperial roads Vienna - Prague and Vienna - Brno. The village, which had been administered by the religious fund until then, passed into the possession of the Barons von Kübeck in 1824, who received the church and parish as patron saints. Around 1828 a new school building was built in Lechwitz. From 1870 a stagecoach travels to the Frischau train station. It was not until 1885 that the place became an independent parish. Borotitz and Phillipsdorf are also incorporated into the parish. In 1888 a flood destroyed the lower part of the village. Due to the increasing number of children in the village, the school was expanded to two classes in 1889. Most of the people of Lechwitz lived from agriculture, with viticulture, which has been cultivated in South Moravia for centuries, only played a subordinate role. The amount of wine produced usually never exceeded the village's own needs. Due to the climate, sugar beets, vegetables, cucumbers and fine fruit were grown in addition to various types of grain. In addition to the usual small businesses, there were two brick factories, a mill and two milk collection points.

One of the successor states of Austria-Hungary after the First World War , 1914–1918, was Czechoslovakia , which claimed the German-speaking regions of Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia that had been German Austria since the end of 1918 . The Treaty of St. Germain awarded the disputed territories against the will of the people of Czechoslovakia. Thus fell the south Moravian town Lechwitz whose inhabitants in 1910 to 98% Deutschsüdmährer , were at the new state. The promised equal position of the minorities was ultimately not granted by the majority people. Measures follow such as the land reform , the Language Law (1920) and the Language Ordinance (1926). They brought about the settlement of Czechs in the German communities and heightened tensions between the ethnic groups. When the autonomy demanded by the German speakers was not negotiated and armed conflicts threatened, the Western powers caused the Czech government to cede the peripheral areas, which was regulated in the Munich Agreement , to Germany. Thus Lechwitz became part of the German Reichsgau Niederdonau on October 1st, 1938 . - Between 1928 and 1930 the place was electrified. In the same year one class of the school was used for the Czech minority school, which moved to a new building a year later.

In World War II Lechwitz mourned 46 victims. After the end of the war (May 8, 1945), the territories transferred to Germany in the Munich Agreement (1939) came back to Czechoslovakia in recourse to the Treaty of Saint-Germain (1919) . Except for 118 people, the German residents fled the onset of post-war excesses by self-proclaimed Revolutionary Guards and militant Czechs or were expelled across the border into Austria . The Potsdam Protocol , Article XIII, did not comment on the wild and collective expulsions of the German population, but explicitly called for an “orderly and humane transfer” of the “German population parts” that “remained in Czechoslovakia”. The last 118 German South Moravians from Lechwitz were forcibly resettled to West Germany between July 9 and September 18, 1946 . According to the Beneš decree 108, the entire property of the German residents as well as the public and church German property was confiscated and placed under state administration. There was no compensation for the confiscated assets.

In accordance with the original transfer modalities of the Potsdam communique, the Red Army demanded in January 1946 that all ethnic Germans from Austria be deported to Germany. The local residents in Austria were transferred to Germany up to approx. 40%.

Coat of arms and seal

The oldest known community seal dates from the 18th century. It shows a plow iron and a winemaker's knife side by side in a sign. In the 19th century, the place had a no-picture stamp showing a decorative arabesque in the lower half.

Population development

census	Total population	Ethnicity of the inhabitants
year		German	Czechs	Other
1880	552	549	3	0
1890	613	613	0	0
1900	610	599	0	11
1910	610	598	5	7th
1921	618	565	29	24
1930	575	529	31	15th

Attractions

• Parish Church of the Visitation of Mariae, built in 1721 by Christian Alexander Oedtl in place of a wooden forest chapel from 1695, the image of the baptism of Christ is by Josef Winterhalter
• Castle (1740) reconstruction in 1824
• Castle park with a 1000 year old oak and the hull of the ship with which the former Emperor Maximilian of Mexico sailed.
• War memorial (1922)
• Maria Siebeneichen Chapel (1880)
• Statue of St. John of Nepomuk (1760)
• Statue of St. Anthony of Padua (1742)

Sons and daughters of the place

• Hans Prock-Schauer (1926–2004) local history researcher
• Hans Wagner (1893–1984) MP in Austria-Hungary / Czechoslovakia
• Franz Wagner (1860–1929) Member of the Moravian Parliament 1905/07 and Reichsrat 1907–1918
• Karl Friedrich von Kübeck was buried on September 16, 1855 in the Kübeck family crypt in Lechovice.
• Max von Kübeck (1835–1913) Reichsrat and delegate in the German Confederation , son of Karl Friedrich von Kübeck, the founder of the Austrian National Bank
• Alois Lahoda KK Engineer, Semmeringbahnbauing. under Ritter von Ghega (1827–1906)

regional customs

Rich customs determined the course of the year for the German local residents who were expelled in 1945/1946:

• Traditionally, on the feast of the birth of Mary (September 8th) the Lechwitzer make a three-day pilgrimage to the Holy Mountain in Nikolsburg (30 kilometers).
• A four-day pilgrimage to Maria Dreieichen takes place over Pentecost . The local residents of Panditz join in.

literature

• Gregor Wolny : The Margraviate of Moravia topographically, statistically and historically, Vol. I-VI, Brno, 1835–42
• Georg Dehio, Karl Ginhart : Handbook of German art monuments in the Ostmark. 1941, Lechwitz p. 302.
• Hans Prock-Schauer: Home book of the community Lechwitz - South Moravia.
• Wenzel Max: Thayaland, folk songs and dances from South Moravia , 1984, Geislingen / Steige
• Hans Prock-Schauer: Pilgrimage Church Lechwitz ., 1993
• Felix Ermacora : The Sudeten German questions , legal opinion, publisher: Langen Müller, 1992, ISBN 3-7844-2412-0
• Emilia Hrabovec: eviction and deportation. Germans in Moravia 1945–1947 , Frankfurt am Main / Bern / New York / Vienna (= Vienna Eastern European Studies. Series of publications by the Austrian Institute for Eastern and South Eastern Europe), 1995 and 1996

Web links

• Cultural database of displaced persons

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Český statistický úřad - The population of the Czech municipalities as of January 1, 2019 (PDF; 7.4 MiB)
2. ↑ http://www.planet-wissen.de/kultur/mitteleuropa/geschichte_tschechiens/pwiedeutscheintschechien100.html
3. ↑ Joachim Rogall: Germans and Czechs: History, Culture, Politics Verlag CH Beck, 2003. ISBN 3-406-45954-4 . Preface by Václav Havel. Chapter: The Přemyslids and the German Colonization S33 f.
4. ^ Leopold Kleindienst: The forms of settlement, rural building and material culture in South Moravia , 1989, p. 9
5. ^ University of Giessen (Ed.): Sudetendeutschesverzeichnis Vol. 1, 1988, Oldenbourg Verlag, ISBN 978-3-486-54822-8
6. ↑ Hans Zuckriegl: Dictionary of the South Moravian dialects . Their use in speech, song and writing. 25,000 dialect words, 620 pages self-published. 1999.
7. ^ Felix Ermacora : The unreached peace: St. Germain and the consequences; 1919–1989 , Amalthea Verlag, Vienna, Munich, 1989, ISBN 3-85002-279-X
8. ^ Fritz Peter Habel: Documents on the Sudeten Question , Langen Müller, 1984, ISBN 3-7844-2038-9 , Land reform in the ČSR, 1918 to 1938. P. 471
9. ↑ O. Kimminich: The assessment of the Munich Agreement in the Prague Treaty and in the literature on international law published on it , Munich 1988
10. ^ Charles L. Mee : The Potsdam Conference 1945. The division of the booty . Wilhelm Heyne Verlag, Munich 1979. ISBN 3-453-48060-0 .
11. ↑ Ignaz Seidl-Hohenveldern : International Confiscation and Expropriation Law. Series: Contributions to foreign and international private law. Volume 23. Berlin and Tübingen, 1952.
12. ^ Alfred Schickel, Gerald Frodl: History of South Moravia. Volume 3. The history of the German South Moravians from 1945 to the present . South Moravian Landscape Council, Geislingen an der Steige 2001, ISBN 3-927498-27-0 , p. 281 f . (Lechwitz).
13. ↑ Cornelia Znoy: The expulsion of the Sudeten Germans to Austria 1945/46, diploma thesis to obtain the master’s degree in philosophy, Faculty of Humanities at the University of Vienna, 1995
14. ↑ Brunnhilde Scheuringer: 30 years later. The integration of ethnic German refugees and displaced persons in Austria, publisher: Braumüller, 1983, ISBN 3-7003-0507-9
15. ↑ Codex diplomaticus et epistolaris Moraviae , Volume III, s. 200
16. ↑ Historický místopis Moravy a Slezska v letech 1848–1960, sv.9. 1984
17. ^ Johann Zabel: Kirchlicher Handweiser for South Moravia, 1941, Vicariate General Nikolsburg, Lechwitz S 60
18. ^ Felix Bornemann: Arts and Crafts in South Moravia (1990), Lechwitz, s. 16
19. ↑ Walfried Blaschka, Gerald Frodl: The Znaim district from A to Z. 2009