Josef Winterhalder the Younger

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Josef Winterhalder the Younger (born January 25, 1743 in Vöhrenbach in the Black Forest ; † January 17, 1807 in Znaim in what was then Moravia , today's South Moravian region of the Czech Republic) was a German-Moravian painter. As the only artist from the Winterhalder family of sculptors , he only worked as a painter and draftsman. His main field of activity was Moravia, but he also worked sporadically in Lower Austria and Hungary.

Evangelist Luke, Prämonstratenser in Neureisch in Moravia

Life

Josef Winterhalder the Younger was one of six children of the Vöhrenbacher sculptor Johann Michael Winterhalder (1706–1759) and his wife Maria geb. Scherzinger (1713-1749). After his mother died, he and his brother Anton (1745–1805) and his sister Theresia (* 1740) came to Olomouc in Moravia to see his uncle, the busy sculptor Josef Winterhalder the Elder (1702–1769), who Adopted children. He introduced the nephew to the circle of his colleagues, including the painters Paul Troger (1698–1762) and Franz Anton Maulbertsch (1724–1796). Maulbertsch in particular, whom he admired and in whose workshop he worked from 1763 to 1768, shaped him. For an unprinted “Art History of Moravia and Austria-Silesia” by the Habsburg administrative clerk and collector Johann Peter Cerroni (1753–1826), he wrote about himself: “In addition to the strictly domestic education, urban dealings with and with great, hard-working artists as a troger .. Maulbertsch, whose art I fell in love with most, and who braked with him for the fifth year ... The one who learned from your beyspill as in mother milk and made the usual zeal for work that in Fresco, öhl, Seko, something in miniature aigenerarth ... able to edit true. ”That he, as he went on to write, by Maulbertsch“ was chased away out of art jealousy ”may have been“ decidedly exaggerated or one of the popular artist anecdotes ”. In 1783 he married the "Kelnermeister" daughter Franziska Hirdl († 1834) from Frischau near Znaim. The couple lived in Znojmo, but Josef was mostly busy with assignments. The couple had two children, Theresia and Franz Josef. His wife outlived him by twenty-seven years.

plant

Pictures for the side altars of the Provost Church of St. Hippolyt in Pöltenberg , a district of Znojmo, namely a saint Johannes Nepomuk and an "Instruction of Mary by her mother Anna " date from the time at Maulbertsch, around the year 1766 . The main altar picture , an “ apotheosis of St. Hippolytus ”, was painted by Maulbertsch. Parts of the frescoes in the church are also assigned to Winterhalder, according to the four evangelists in the pendentives .

  • Side altar leaves in St. Hippolyt, Pöltenberg

  • Johannes Nepomuk

  • St. Anne teaches Mary

In 1768 the altar painting "The Miracle of Soriano " was created for the Znojmo Dominican monastery , in which the Madonna presents a Dominican with a picture of St. Dominic .

Glorification of St. Clement, Oberfröschau
Holy clan , Raigern
Empress Maria Theresia, Brünn-Obrowitz

Incidentally, it is difficult to differentiate between Maulbertsch and Winterhalder, especially in his early years. Winterhalder's hand probably created an "Adoration of the newborn Jesus by the shepherds" and an " Ascension of Christ " in the Minorite Monastery in Vienna before 1770 .

The "Jos: Winterhalder Pinx 1770" called "Apotheosis of St. Clemens of Rome " in the parish church of St. Clemens in Oberfröschau "definitely represents a dividing point between the apprenticeship years and the years of independent work".

In 1773 Winterhalder created two altarpieces for the Dominican Church of St. Michael in Brno , namely a St. Mary Magdalene and a St. Rosalia . From 1774 to 1775 he created next to Maulbertsch the frescoes in the parish church "To the Scourged Savior" in Mühlfraun , in 1778 the side altarpiece "Death of St. Joseph ".

The most important work of the 1770s was the painting of the dome over the choir of the church of St. Peter and Paul of the Benedictine Abbey of Raigern including the evangelists in the pendentifs in 1776 . Lukas depicted Winterhalder with his usual attribute , the bull, as he paints the Madonna according to legend. His right hand holds the picture, the left is leafing through a book, next to his right foot are painting utensils. “St. Luke not only represents one of the pillars of the church, but also represents an educated painter whose attributes are not just brushes and palettes, but also books and sample books . ”Winterhalder may have portrayed himself here. He painted a transfiguration of Christ in the central dome, which is embedded in a pseudo-architecture . Several sources of inspiration have been identified in the work, but it demonstrates a considerable independence, for example in the coloring, which is light and strong and, overall, a feast for the eyes. Altarpieces for the church followed, for example in 1779 "All Saints of the Benedictine Order" and a " Holy Clan ".

Luke painting the Madonna was probably also a self-portrait on a simultaneous oil painting that is now hanging in the Premonstratensian Monastery of Neureisch (top picture). The “picture in picture” here is clearly the Black Madonna of Czestochowa .

In 1777 Winterhalder painted the frescoes in the “ Landtafeln Hall ” in today's “New Town Hall” in Brno. The development of the legal system is shown on the narrow side opposite the entrance. On the middle of three plinths with the coats of arms of the leading officials of the estates in the 1770s, Moses points to the tablets with the Ten Commandments . Above it stands Emperor Justinian I , with the goddess Minerva raised again in grisaille painting , who holds a shield and a lance with her right arm and supports her left arm on a stone tablet with the inscription "LEX XII TABULARUM" ( Twelve Tables Law ). The top of the composition is a domed church built on rocks, which points to Peter as the rock on which Jesus founded his church according to Mt 16:18  EU . On the left pedestal a putti holds a staff, perhaps the one with which Moses struck water from the rock after 17.1-7 EU , on the right pedestal a putti holds the scales of justice.

From 1777 to 1778 Winterhalder depicted donors and other people connected with the history of the monastery, including Empress Maria Theresa and Emperor Joseph II , on the walls of the refectory of the Premonstratensian monastery in Brno-Zábrdovice (Brno-Zábrdovice) in front of illusionistic niches in grisaille Emperor wreathed with laurel, in the armor of a Roman warrior and accompanied by Minerva. In 1782 he painted the " Assumption of Mary " church in the monastery and on altarpieces an "Instruction of Mary by her mother Anna" and an "Annunciation to Joachim ". The frescoes are seen as a turning point in Winterhalder from the Rococo to a “classicist, moderate artistic appearance”. The homage to Joseph II did not prevent the emperor from abolishing the monastery in 1784 as part of his reforms and using the rooms as a hospital.

With Joseph's reforms, Winterhalder's clients changed. The monasteries fell away. Bitterness speaks from Winterhalder's letters. There were altar leaves for smaller churches or private pictures, such as the portrait of the provost of the Knights of the Cross with the red star Wenzel Friedrich Hlava (1715–1789) in 1788 , today in the South Moravian Museum in Znojmo, Winterhalder's only known portrait. In 1789 he contributed to the interior design of the palace of Baron Anton Valentin Kaschnitz von Weinberg (1744–1812) in Zdischlawitz . In 1790 he painted personifications of justice, temperance, malice and anger in the council chamber of the "Old Town Hall" in Brno, similar to the grisaille in the Premonstratensian refectory in Obrowitz. His sculptor friend Andreas Schweigel found the hall to be "entirely painted in an allegorical way by the hand of Joseph Winterhalder, one of his best works, the allegories do not want to be best placed in all places." In 1792 he painted the Church of the Holy Trinity in Běhařovice (Bieharowitz) from.

After Maulbertsch's death in 1796, he completed the decoration of the Steinamanger Cathedral in western Hungary from 1798 onwards . The ceiling frescoes were destroyed in 1945, the painting of the chapter chapel was preserved. In 1800 he painted the high altar picture " All Saints " with the Hungarian national saints King Stephan and Emmerich for the parish church of the village of Allerheiligen an der Pinka in western Hungary, as well as a large pseudo-architecture on the front wall of the choir and an "apothesis of virtues" in the choir vault.

The frescoes in the library of the Premonstratensian Canons in Geras , Lower Austria , 1805, have been called the "epilogue".

Appreciation

Winterhalder became famous during his lifetime. An abbot, who wanted to win him over for a job, wrote to him: “Mr. Winterhalder! You are one of the most famous Maulpertsch students, whose art has performed the best rehearsals among others in the Obrowitz churches. ”The proximity to Maulbertsch also speaks, combined with skepticism towards himself, from his remarks in Cerroni's“ Art History ”(see above ): "Winterhalder ... remained ... the true and best successor of <Maulbertsch> - in which Maase his works are almost indistinguishable from those of Maulpertsch by his persistent practice, because he pursues the same from all angles, and surrendered and sacrificed his true principles to the beautiful, painful tractament of Maulpertsch. ... Like all Germans, he only lacked trust in himself - more world - which the latter is presumably to be attributed to the too strict upbringing - and another sphere of activity - in order to win the public more preference for the products of German artists. ”The suspicion of the epigone held on.

Today Winterhalder's independence is recognized. Despite being close to Maulbertsch, he found an autonomous approach, with cooler colors and his own repertoire of figures and faces. If he first used all the elements of Rococo painting and filled the vaults with a colorful spectrum of colors, then towards the end of the 18th century grisailles were added, in which he dealt with current classical tendencies. Few artists could have rivaled his ability to create large frescoes as well as altar leaves and small-format drawings. Incidentally, he was an intellectual who wrote about other Moravian artists, such as his uncle Joseph Winterhalder the Elder, owned and read many books and corresponded about them, such as Christoph Martin Wieland's story of the Agathon ; a painter as he presented in the Raigerner Evangelist Lukas.

literature

  • EW Braun: Josef Winterhalder II. In: Thieme-Becker Volume 36, pp. 86–87, 1947.
  • Anna Jávor: Josef Winterhalder in Hungary. In: Lubomír Slaviček (ed.): Josef Winterhalder the Younger (1743 Vöhrenbach - 1807 Znojmo), Maulbertsch's best student, pp. 144–159. Museum Langenargen am Bodensee, Langenargen 2009. ISBN 978-3-00-027324-7 .
  • Bernhard Kleiser: The Winterhalder family of sculptors. In: Working group city history of the home guild "Frohsinn" eV Vöhrenbach (Hrsg.): Vöhrenbach in the Black Forest: new contributions to the city history. Geiger, Horb am Neckar 1994, pp. 90-109. ISBN 3-89264-888-3 .
  • Bernhard Kleiser and Zora Wörgötter: The Black Forest artist family Winterhalder. In: Lubomír Slaviček (ed.): Josef Winterhalder the Younger (1743 Vöhrenbach - 1807 Znojmo), Maulbertsch's best pupil, pp. 210–231. Museum Langenargen am Bodensee, Langenargen 2009. ISBN Lubomír Slaviček (Ed.): Josef Winterhalder the Younger (1743 Vöhrenbach - 1807 Znojmo), Maulbertsch's best student, pp. 17-21. Museum Langenargen am Bodensee, Langenargen 2009. ISBN 978-3-00-027324-7 .
  • Lubomír Slaviček: Josef Winterhalder d. J. - Maulbertsch's most zealous imitator or self-creative artist? In: * Tomáš Valeš: Josef Winterhalder the Younger (1743–1807), Maulbertsch's best student in fresco. In: Lubomír Slaviček (ed.): Josef Winterhalder the Younger (1743 Vöhrenbach - 1807 Znojmo), Maulbertsch's best pupil, pp. 27–143. Museum Langenargen am Bodensee, Langenargen 2009. ISBN 978-3-00-027324-7 .

Web links

Commons : Josef Winterhalder the Younger  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Source texts, p. 273. In: Lubomír Slaviček (ed.): Josef Winterhalder the Younger (1743 Vöhrenbach - 1807 Znojmo), Maulbertsch's best student. Museum Langenargen am Bodensee, Langenargen 2009. ISBN 978-3-00-027324-7 .
  2. ↑ Braun 1947.
  3. ↑ Valeš 2009, pp. 39–42 and 307–309.
  4. ↑ Valeš 2009, pp. 58–59.
  5. ↑ Valeš 2009, pp. 34 and 312.
  6. ↑ Valeš 2009, p. 58.
  7. ↑ a b Brno on the website “South Moravia - Land on the Thaya”.
  8. ↑ Valeš 2009, pp. 58 and 285.
  9. ↑ Mühlfraun on the website "South Moravia - Land on the Thaya".
  10. ↑ Vales 2009, p. 56.
  11. ↑ Valeš 2009, pp. 35-36.
  12. ↑ Valeš 2009, pp. 67-69.
  13. ↑ Valeš 2009, p. 71.
  14. ↑ Valeš, pp. 74-75.
  15. ↑ Exhibited works, p. 314. In: Lubomír Slaviček (ed.): Josef Winterhalder the Younger (1743 Vöhrenbach - 1807 Znojmo), Maulbertsch's best student. Museum Langenargen am Bodensee, Langenargen 2009. ISBN 978-3-00-027324-7 .
  16. ↑ Valeš 2009, pp. 77-87.
  17. ^ Zábrdovice in the Czech Wikipedia.
  18. ↑ Valeš 2009, p. 97.
  19. ↑ Valeš 2009, pp. 110 and 339.
  20. ↑ Valeš 2009, pp. 118–119.
  21. ↑ Valeš 2009, pp. 112–117.
  22. ↑ Valeš 2009, pp. 122–123.
  23. ↑ Jávor 2009, pp. 146–152.
  24. ↑ Jávor 2009, pp. 152–155.
  25. ↑ Valeš 2009, p. 129.
  26. ↑ Slaviček 2009, p. 17.
  27. ↑ Source texts, pp. 286–287. In: Lubomír Slaviček (ed.): Josef Winterhalder the Younger (1743 Vöhrenbach - 1807 Znojmo), Maulbertsch's best pupil. Museum Langenargen am Bodensee, Langenargen 2009. ISBN 978-3-00-027324-7 .
  28. ↑ Biographical Lexicon 1898.
  29. ↑ Valeš 2009, p. 131.
personal data
SURNAME Winterhalder, Josef the Younger
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Winterhalder, Josef II
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German-Moravian painter
DATE OF BIRTH January 25, 1743
PLACE OF BIRTH Voehrenbach
DATE OF DEATH January 17, 1807
Place of death Znojmo