Mackovice

Mackovice
Basic data
State :	Czech Republic
Region :	Jihomoravský kraj
District :	Znojmo
Area :	1180 ha
Geographic location :	48 ° 54 '  N , 16 ° 19'  E Coordinates: 48 ° 53 '31 "  N , 16 ° 18' 38"  E
Height:	228  m nm
Residents :	366 (Jan 1, 2019)
Postal code :	671 65
License plate :	B.
traffic
Street:	Hostěradice - Jaroslavice
structure
Status:	local community
Districts:	1
administration
Mayor :	Vlastimil Balcar (as of 2020)
Address:	Mackovice 49 671 78 Jiřice u Miroslavi
Municipality number:	594407
Website :	www.mackovice.cz

Mackovice (German Moskowitz ) is a municipality in Okres Znojmo ( Znojmo District), Jihomoravský kraj (South Moravia Region) in the Czech Republic .

geography

Mackovice is located on the Břežanka brook in the Thaya-Schwarza valley .

Neighboring towns are Kašenec ( Kaschnitzfeld ) and Václavov in the north, Břežany ( Frischau ) in the east, Čejkovice ( Schakwitz ) in the west and Božice ( Possitz ) in the south. The place itself is laid out as a triangular village.

history

In the 11th to 13th centuries there was a great movement of settlements from west to east. Moravia was ruled by the Přemyslid dynasty from 1031 to 1305 . In order to use larger areas for agriculture and thus achieve higher yields, the colonists advertised them, for example, with ten years of tax exemption (German settler law). By 1150, the area around Mikulov (Nikolsburg) and Znojmo (Znaim) was settled by German immigrants from Lower Austria . The ui dialect that was spoken until 1945 and the layout of the village show that they originally came from the Bavarian areas of the dioceses of Regensburg and Passau. They brought new agricultural equipment with them and introduced the high-yield three-field economy .

A manor was first mentioned in a document in 1182. The tithing of the place went to the Bruck monastery . Over the years, the spelling of the place changed several times. In 1358 "Maczkowicz", 1531 "Mazkowicz", 1633 "Matzkowez", 1643 "Maskowitz", 1650 "Moschowitz" and from 1672 "Moskowitz" were written. In 1412 the village received vineyard rights. At the end of the 16th century, the Anabaptists came to South Moravia and also to Moskowitz. Until their expulsion to Transylvania in 1622, only 30 residents of the place were Catholics. In 1625, Moskowitz was united with Kromau. During the Thirty Years War , Moskowitz was sacked in 1619, 1620 and 1622. In 1645, Swedish troops under General Lennart Torstensson captured the village and plundered it again. Registries have been kept since 1744. The plague and cholera raged in the village in the 18th and 19th centuries. In 1892 the school was rebuilt in the village. In 1903, three fires broke out in the village, each of which destroyed several houses. In 1906 a new middle bell was purchased for the church. In 1908, on the occasion of the 60th anniversary of Franz Josef's reign, a linden tree was planted in the Böhmdörfel district, the "Kaiserbaam". Landlord Count Kinsky then had an avenue of lime trees planted. When digging an ice pit for the community inn in 1913, a Germanic stool grave with urn from the 5th century is found. The residents of Moskowitz were 80% self-employed farmers, while the rest of the residents were civil servants, artisans and workers on the manors. All 12-year-old children were exempt from school attendance from April to October in order to help in their parents' farms. In addition to various types of grain, peas, corn, fodder beet, potatoes, sugar beet, rapeseed and various types of fruit were also grown. Viticulture, which has been cultivated in South Moravia for centuries, played only a minor role due to the climate and the nature of the soil, although the quantities produced never exceeded the village's own needs. The hunt was also very profitable, with 600 hares, 500 partridges, 10 deer and 50 pheasants shot annually. In addition to the usual small businesses, there was also the manorial estate and a grist mill with carp farming.

After the First World War , the multi-ethnic state Austria-Hungary disintegrated . One of the successor states of Austria-Hungary was Czechoslovakia , which claimed for itself those German-speaking areas of Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia that had been German Austria since the end of 1918 . The Treaty of Saint-Germain in 1919 declared these disputed territories and thus Moskowitz, whose inhabitants in 1910 belonged to almost 99% of the German population group, to be part of the new Czechoslovak Republic . In the course of the land reform , the manor of Count Kinsky was expropriated and given to the sugar industry AG Göding. A Czech administrator was appointed to this office in 1926. As a result, there was an increased influx of workers and civil servants who belong to the Czech language. In the winter of 1928/1929, severe frost ruined numerous vines, nut and cherry trees. The place was electrified from 1930. The promised equal status of the minorities was ultimately not granted by the majority people. Measures such as the land reform and the language ordinance, which were supposed to help settle Czechs in the German communities, exacerbated tensions. When the autonomy demanded by the German speakers was not negotiated and armed conflict threatened, the Czech government was forced in the Munich Agreement to cede the peripheral areas to Germany. Thus, on October 1, 1938, Moskowitz became part of the German Reichsgau Niederdonau . During this Sudeten crisis , Czech soldiers erected barricades and dug trenches in the local area.

After the end of the Second World War , the territories transferred to Germany in the Munich Agreement , including the town of Moskowitz, were reassigned to Czechoslovakia . When the population of German origin began to be mistreated by self-proclaimed Revolutionary Guards and militant Czechs, five German citizens died. Others fled from these excesses over the nearby border to Austria or were driven across . Between June 2 and September 18, 1946, the forced resettlement took place via Znojmo to West Germany. 41 people remained in the place. According to the Beneš decree 108, the property of the German residents as well as the public and church German property were confiscated and placed under state administration. In accordance with the original transfer modalities of the Potsdam Communique, the Red Army demanded in January 1946 that all ethnic Germans be deported from Austria to Germany .

Coat of arms and seal

The oldest community seal dates from the 17th century. It shows the inscription "SIGIL.VAF.DIS.DORF.MOSCHOWITZ" within a wreath of leaves. The round seal contains a Renaissance shield, which shows a grape, a plow iron and a plow knife.

Population development

census	Total population	Ethnicity of the inhabitants
year		German	Czechs	Other
1880	630	610	15th	5
1890	652	625	16	11
1900	708	691	15th	2
1910	728	719	8th	1
1921	690	642	39	9
1930	791	698	78	15th

Attractions

Trinity Chapel (1938)

• Filial church Mariae Vermählung (1722) before the chapel of Saints Fabian, Sebastian, Rochus and Rosalia, tower (1884)
• War memorial (1925) destroyed by Czechs in 1945
• Statue of John of Nepomuk
• Wayside shrine Maria Hilf
• Trinity Chapel at the entrance to the village towards Hosterlitz

Sons and daughters of the place

• Wenzel Max (1898–1982), folk song researcher, winner of the South Moravian Culture Prize.
• Albin Mahr (1897–1965), theologian and local history researcher.
• Josef Seethaler (* 1928), winner of the Josef Löhner Prize 2008.

regional customs

Rich customs determined the course of the year for the German local residents who were expelled in 1945/46:

• At Mardi Gras , the local children went from house to house and asked for donuts. These were put on a wooden skewer and eaten the next day.
• To preach the Lord , the children were given little things or sweets from their godparents and relatives.
• Saying sayings, the young people went from house to house at Easter. They were richly presented with red colored eggs.
• The winter time was used for the so-called "spring removal". The down was separated from the goose quills . Friends and relatives helped. At the end of the spring scrubbing there was the so-called "Fedaho", with games, fun and teasing the "spring scrubbing" ended.
• "Fiddle and violins are locked up at Sankt Kathrein" (November 25). On the Sunday before that, the "Katrein Muse" plays. It is the last dance music before Advent.
• The Muscovites were nicknamed "fox catchers" by their neighbors.

literature

• Hans Lederer: A short settlement history of the Thaya-Schwarza area from ~ 1 6th century.
• Rudolf Wolkan : History book of the Hutterite Brothers , in collaboration with the Hutterite Brothers in America and Canada, Standoff Colony near Macleod ( Alberta ), Vienna 1923.
• Lukas Max: Home book of the community of Moskowitz in South Moravia , 1963
• Lukas Max: Population register of the Moskowitz community , 1973
• In memory of the fallen soldiers of Moskowitz
• Wenzel Max: Thayaland, folk songs and dances from South Moravia , 1984, Geislingen / Steige
• Elfriede Paweletz-Klien: The South Moravian ITZ Villages and the Beginnings of Settlement History in South Moravia, 2007
• Alfred Schickel : The expulsion of the Germans . History, background, reviews. 2nd Edition. MUT, Asendorf 1987, ISBN 9783891820148
• Alfred Schickel : History of South Moravia . Volume 2. 1918-1946. Publishing house of the South Moravian Landscape Council Geislingen / Steige, 1996, ISBN 3-927498-18-1 .

Web links

• Moskowitz in "Old Postcard Motifs of the South Moravian Communities"
• Cultural database of displaced persons

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Obec Mackovice: Podrobné informace , uir.cz
2. ↑ Český statistický úřad - The population of the Czech municipalities as of January 1, 2019 (PDF; 7.4 MiB)
3. ↑ http://www.planet-wissen.de/kultur/mitteleuropa/geschichte_tschechiens/pwiedeutscheintschechien100.html
4. ↑ Joachim Rogall: Germans and Czechs: History, Culture, Politics Verlag CH Beck, 2003. ISBN 3-406-45954-4 . Preface by Václav Havel. Chapter: The Přemyslids and the German Colonization S33 f.
5. ^ Leopold Kleindienst: The forms of settlement, rural building and material culture in South Moravia , 1989, p. 9
6. ^ University of Giessen (Ed.): Sudetendeutschesverzeichnis Vol. 1, 1988, Oldenbourg Verlag, ISBN 978-3-486-54822-8
7. ↑ Hans Zuckriegl: Dictionary of the South Moravian dialects . Their use in speech, song and writing. 25,000 dialect words, 620 pages self-published. 1999.
8. ↑ Gerald Frodel, Walfried Blaschka: The Znaim district from A to Z , Moskowitz S 229. On behalf of the South Moravian Landscape Council in Geislingen an der Steige, 2010.
9. ↑ Codex diplomaticus et epistolaris Moraviae, Volume I, p. 187
10. ↑ Bernd Längin: Die Hutterer , 1986, p. 237.
11. ↑ Online search via the Brno National Archives. Acta Publica Online search in the historical registers of the Moravian Provincial Archives in Brno (cz, dt). Retrieved March 26, 2011.
12. ↑ Hans Zuckriegl: I dream of a vine , Chapter 7, p. 260
13. ^ Fritz Peter Habel: Documents on the Sudeten Question , Langen Müller, 1984, ISBN 3-7844-2038-9 , Land reform in the ČSR, 1918 to 1938. P. 471.
14. ^ Johann Wolfgang Brügel : Czechs and Germans 1918 - 1938 , Munich 1967
15. ↑ Elizabeth Wiskemann : Czechs and Germans ; London, 1938; P. 152
16. ↑ Lukas Max: Heimatbuch Moskowitz, 1963, p. 20
17. ↑ Gerald Frodl, Walfried Blaschka: The Znaim district from AZ. South Moravian Landscape Council, Geislingen an der Steige, 2010, Book of the Dead p. 378
18. ^ Alfred Schickel, Gerald Frodl: History of South Moravia. Volume III. Maurer, Geislingen / Steige 2001, ISBN 3-927498-27-0 .
19. ↑ Archive Mikulov, Odsun Němců - transport odeslaný dne 20. května, 1946th
20. ↑ William Jun / Ludislava Šuláková: The problem of Abschubs the Germans in the files of the national committee (MNV) and the District People's Committee (ONV) Mikulov. Verlag Maurer, Südmährisches Jahrbuch 2001, p. 45, ISSN  0562-5262
21. ↑ Cornelia Znoy: The expulsion of the Sudeten Germans to Austria 1945/46 , diploma thesis to obtain the master’s degree in philosophy, Faculty of Humanities at the University of Vienna, 1995
22. ^ Alfred Schickel, Gerald Frodl: History of South Moravia. Volume 3. The history of the German South Moravians from 1945 to the present . South Moravian Landscape Council, Geislingen an der Steige 2001, ISBN 3-927498-27-0 , p. 280 (Moskowitz).
23. ↑ Bruno Kaukal: The coats of arms and seals of the South Moravian communities (1992), Moskowitz p. 147
24. ↑ Historický místopis Moravy a Slezska v letech 1848–1960, sv.9. 1984
25. ^ Felix Bornemann: Arts and Crafts in South Moravia (1990), Moskowitz p. 21