Kumme (city)

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Kumme was probably located near the Habur and is mostly located between Cizre and Zaxo .

Kumme was a city in northern Mesopotamia , it was probably in what is now Iraq's Dahuk governorate or in the Turkish province of Şırnak . The city god Teššup was of supraregional importance , especially in the late Bronze Age .

location

Detail of the suggestions for localization problems. 1. Comane near Amediyes ; 2. Identical to today's Zaxo ; 3. On the upper reaches of the Hezil .

There is only agreement on the localization of Kummes to the extent that a location in northeastern Mesopotamia or north of Assyria is assumed. However, hardly any archaeological data are available for this region (the Iraqi-Turkish border area), which is why the following localization suggestions are based either on the etymology of place names (Comane) or on the geographical evaluation of ancient texts.

Forrer made a first suggestion in 1932: Kumme “lies between the upper Zab and the Tigris, specifically designated m. E. the current place Komane (Kwane, Kuani), 9 km in the SE of Amadia the original capital of the Kumanî landscape ”. This suggestion was taken up again by Lanfranchi and Parpola in 1990, but has been ignored since then.

Postgate made a new attempt at precise localization in 1973 when he examined the inscription by Mila Mergi . He wants to equate Kumme with today's Zaxo and its surroundings, on the upper reaches of the Habur . This is due to the localization of the Ulluba region and the province of masennu by the location of the inscription. The mountains south of Zaxo could be considered the natural border of the province of masennu ; to the north adjoining it would be the countries Ukku and Kumme. Current works also refer to this proposal.

The last attempt at a localization was made in 1990 by Roaf, who Kumme below 37.34 ° N; Located 42.58 ° E. He does not give any sources or further information for this thesis, but Roaf's localization has become established in recent years. For example, Kumme is also listed or recorded according to Roaf's coordinates in the Helsinki Atlas of the Near East in the Neo-Assyrian Period and in more recent publications in the SAAS series.

All proposals therefore point to the area of ​​the rivers Hezil and Habur or their immediate surroundings. An identification with a tell is still pending and will probably only be possible after excavations in this area.

history

It appears to have had largely friendly relations with Assyria. As we know from the banquet stele of Aššur-nasir-apli II , ambassadors from Kumme, together with emissaries from Hubuschkia , Gilzanu and Musaṣir, were present at his coronation in Kalhu . During the reign of Sargon, the city was ruled by Arije. This was controlled by the Assyrian official ( qēpu ) Aššur-rēṣūwa.

religion

In Hurrian texts from Mari , Kumme is mentioned as a center of worship of the weather god Teššup ( Te-šu-ba-am Ku-um-me-né-en ), other texts from this city also refer to that god.

Ruler

  • Arije, end of the 8th century
  • Ariazâ, possibly son and co-gentleman Arijes, end of the 8th century.

language

Zadok thinks it is likely that a Urarto-Hurrian dialect was spoken in Kumme. Urarto-Hurrian toponyms can also be found here.

literature

  • Stefano Anastasio: Atlas of preclassical Upper Mesopotamia . Brepols, Turnhout 2004, ISBN 2-503-99120-3 ( Subartu . Vol. 13).
  • Peter Dubovský: Hezekiah and the Assyrian Spies. Reconstruction of the Neo-Assyrian Intelligence Services and its Significance for 2 Kings 18-19 . Pontifical Biblical Institute, Rome 2006, ISBN 9788876533525 , especially pp. 50-60.
  • JD Hawkins: North Syria and South-East Anatolia . In: M. Liverani (Ed.): Neo-Assyrian geography . Università di Roma, Dipartimento di scienze storiche, archeologiche e antropologiche dell'Antichità, Rome 1995 ( Quaderni di geografia storica . Vol. 5), pp. 87-101.
  • Karlheinz Kessler : Investigations into the historical topography of northern Mesopotamia based on cuneiform sources from the 1st millennium BC Chr . Dr. Ludwig Reichert, Wiesbaden 1980, ISBN 3-88226-023-8 ( Tübingen Atlas of the Middle Orient. Series B (humanities) . Vol. 26).
  • Giovanni B. Lanfranchi, Simo Parpola: The correspondence of Sargon II, part II: Letters from the northern and northeastern provinces . Helsinki University Press, Helsinki 1990 ( State Archives of Assyria . Vol. 5).
  • Walter Mayer: The city of Kumme as a supra-regional religious center . In: Oswald Loretz (ed.): Ex Mesopotamia et Syria Lux: Festschrift for Manfried Dietrich on his 65th birthday . Ugarit Verlag, Münster 2002, pp. 329–358.
  • Heinrich Otten : Kummija . In: Dietz-Otto Edzard u. a .: Real Lexicon of Assyriology and Near Eastern Archeology ; Vol. 6: Lamentation - Lebanon . de Gruyter, Berlin 1980-1983, ISBN 3-11-010051-7 , pp. 337f.
  • Bradley J. Parker: At the edge of empire: conceptualizing Assyria's Anatolian frontier, ca.700 BC . In: Journal of anthropological Archeology . No. 21, 2002, pp. 371-395.
  • Simo Parpola, Michael Porter: Helsinki Atlas of the Near East in the Neo-Assyrian Period . Vammalan Kirjapaino Oy, Finland 2001, ISBN 951-45-9050-3 .
  • Wolfgang Röllig : Kumme . In: Dietz-Otto Edzard u. a .: Real Lexicon of Assyriology and Near Eastern Archeology; Vol. 6: Lamentation - Lebanon . de Gruyter, Berlin 1980-1983, ISBN 3-11-010051-7 , pp. 336f.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Röllig: Kumme . P. 336 and Otten: Kummija . P. 337.
  2. ↑ Almost all volumes in the State Archives of Assyria (SAA) series .
  3. ↑ No data (excavated tells ) are available in the Habur valley , see Anastasio: Atlas , passim and maps (1995).
  4. ^ Emil Forrer: Assyria (history) . In: E. Ebeling, B. Meissner (Ed.): Reallexikon der Assyriologie. Volume 1. A - Bepašte . Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, Leipzig 1932, p. 268.
  5. ↑ Lanfranchi, Parpola: The correspondence of Sargon II, part II . P. 247.
  6. ^ JN Postgate: The inscription of Tiglath-pileser III at Mila Mergi . In: Sumer . No. 29, 1973, pp. 47-59.
  7. ↑ See also Kessler: Topography of Mesopotamia . P. 169f.
  8. ↑ "... Postgate has made a location of the city of Kumme on the upper reaches of the Iraqi Habur plausible.", In: Mayer: The city of Kumme as a supra-regional religious center . P. 329 with note 5.
  9. ^ Michael Roaf: Cultural Atlas of Mesopotamia and the ancient Near East . Equinox, Oxford 1990, ISBN 0-8160-2218-6 , pp. 179, 231.
  10. ↑ This would roughly correspond to the location of today's village of Görümlü.
  11. ^ Simo Parpola, Michael Porter: Helsinki Atlas . P. 12 and map 4; there at 37 ° 20.83'N 42 ° 44.69 ', which however does not correspond to the Roafs data, although only this is given as the source.
  12. ^ Sabrina Favaro: Voyages et voyageurs à l'époque Neo-Assyrienne . Helsinki University Press, Helsinki 2007, ISBN 978-952-10-1329-4 ( State Archives of Assyria Studies . Vol. 18), Plate II.
  13. ^ M. Liverani, Studies on the Annals of Ashurnasirpal II. Volume 2: Topographical Analysis. Quaderni di Geografia Storica 4. Rome 1992, 139