Vehicle gauge

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The vehicle gauge describes the largest permissible cross-sectional dimensions of rail vehicles , which must not be exceeded by any part of the vehicle. It thus limits the space required by the vehicles and is directly related to the clearance profile .

term

In the past, the terms boundary line and boundary profile were used to describe the vehicle boundary line. These terms were also adopted in the operating regulations (BO) from 1928. In the ordinance on the technical unit in the railway sector (TE), however, one speaks of the vehicle limitation. This term is also used in the leaflets of the International Union of Railways (UIC) and in the current standards. When gauge, however, is, however, by a boundary of the clear space or clearance gauge spoken.

history

In the early years of the railway, different standards for the cross-sectional design of the railway systems developed on the not yet connected networks, such as B. Distance between tracks, tunnels and underpasses of bridges. With the growing together of the individual networks, the need developed to be able to use freight wagons in free traffic. In 1867, for the first time, a loading gauge was decided for all railways of the Association of German Railway Administrations (VDEV) as the minimum for all member railways . In order to be able to transport larger loads, a total of four loading gauges were used from 1872 onwards, although in 1893 two loading gauges were again agreed. The larger loading gauge I was valid on most of the member railways and the loading gauge II on all member railways. The vehicle gauge of loading dimension I was set at half a width of 1575 mm (total width 3150 mm), which tapers above 3500 mm and is a maximum of 4650 mm high in the middle of the car. The smaller loading dimension II was also set at half a width of 1575 mm (total width 3150 mm), which tapers above 3200 mm and is a maximum of 4300 mm high in the middle of the car.

Vehicle boundary line Transitwagen (Gabarit PPI), later half the width was increased from 1550 to 1575 mm

At a conference in Bern in 1912 , after years of negotiations, the governments involved in the agreements on technical unity in the railway sector agreed on a common minimum standard so that freight wagons built according to this vehicle gauge could be used internationally. These freight wagons are also known as transit wagons and the associated vehicle gauge as Gabarit passe-partout international , abbreviated as Gabarit PPI . The French word "Gabarit" literally means template or profile and is derived from the loading gauges that stood at transitions between the route networks of different companies; the French " passe-partout " literally means "fits everywhere". A "Gabarit Passe-Partout" is a standard measure for trains. The vehicle gauge was set to half the width of 1575 mm (total width 3150 mm) that is above 3175 tapered mm, and in the middle of the carriage a maximum of 4280 mm high. These vehicles must have the corresponding clearance profile even with a smallest curve radius of 250 Keep to m (long wagons must therefore be narrower). The minimum standard is derived from the particularly small clearance profile in France, where the first railway lines were built in addition to England. Since there was no fixed connection to the British Isles until the construction of the English Channel Tunnel , the Gabarit PPI was originally not valid for the railways there (in fact, many routes there are narrower), but PPI means the standard measure for continental Europe (although some in France at that time Stretches had to be widened, which still increased to 3000 mm width). The freight wagons built according to the Gabarit PPI had a typical floor height of 1100 mm to 1300 mm (also applies to most flat wagons today ) a straight outer wall of around two meters is available for the superstructure.

Boundary I of the vehicles from BO 1928

The Gabarit PPI was adopted by the individual member railways of TE as a vehicle gauge for vehicles in international traffic. In 1913, the VDEV in Germany adapted the provisions on the delimitation of the clear space accordingly. With slight changes it was also included in the operating rules as a boundary I and later in the Railway Building and Operating Regulations (EBO) from 1967 as a limitation I adopted for vehicles. This vehicle gauge was finally adopted by the UIC as the static vehicle gauge G1 with further small changes. The boundary developed from the loading measure I of the VDEV railways II or limitation II and the static vehicle gauge G2 of the UIC.

Loading dimension according to EBO - Profile G1 shows the same millimeter values ​​as Gabarit PPI for three basic items

From the mid-1950s, the UIC developed a kinetic calculation method. This became necessary because the vehicles built at that time were equipped with softer springs and therefore leaned more in curves. For this purpose, reference lines with half the width of 1645 were created mm, from which, together with the associated calculation rules, the vehicle gauge and the clearance profile can be determined. The UIC decided in 1991 that the static method may only be used for loads and only the kinematic method for the vehicle gauge and the clearance profile. As a result, the EBO was changed accordingly in May 1991 and the previous static vehicle limit lines were replaced by the kinematic reference lines G1 and G2.

With the spread of the combined transport were for the transport of ISO-Container with a height of around 2600 mm within the vehicle gauge line G1 were new flat cars with a lower floor height of 940 mm necessary. In the 1970s, the UIC set up a working group to define new boundary lines. On the basis of an inventory of possible combinations of freight wagons and loads, the Gabarit A (GA), Gabarit B (GB) and Gabarit C (GC) delimitation lines, which were extended in the upper area in the upper area compared to the G1 limit, were finally defined. In order to be able to use previous flat wagons for container transport, the clearance profile "GB" is also being modified in France so that the outer walls (3175 mm) and in the middle of the vehicle (4320 mm) an additional height specification is added, which is at a height of 4180 mm a width of 2720 mm calls. This vehicle gauge with an almost flat roof is known as Gabarit B + ("GB +" for short) or also as GB1.

Other vehicle gauge lines

Although the designation PPI indicates "international", it only describes the smallest unitary measure in continental Europe . In the connected route network of North America, the minimum width used is 3250 mm (10 feet 8 inches), and has a minimum height of 4620 mm (15 feet 2 inches). In the Far East, the standard-gauge networks with high-speed trains have a clearance profile with a width of over 3400 mm - both the Chinese CRH2 and the Japanese Shinkansen series 0 are 3380 mm wide. Swedish routes are also for a clearance gauge of 3400 mm (loading dimension SE-A ​​and loading dimension SE-B), the same is in the Russian sphere of influence (with a slightly larger gauge of 1520 mm) common. It follows that the Russian Velaro Sapsan and the Chinese Velaro CRH3 each have a vehicle width of 3265 mm, while the German Velaro ICE 3 with 2950 mm has to get along in order to fit into the basic dimensions of the loading measure PPI. Since LÜ shipments are known in Germany from the wider adjacent rail networks and are possible on some routes without operational restrictions , a variant with 3300 was also used for the ICE 4 concept mm vehicle width was considered - but this was never realized.

Loading dimensions in comparison with a transported ISO container - the smallest loading dimension PPI appears here as "Universal"

Viewed across the continents, the smallest dimensions used in each case are too small for double-decker container transport . In North America one is currently in the process of doing many older routes for an altitude of 6150 mm to make this possible extensively (with two Hi-Cube containers on top of each other). However, this is also easier there, since almost no lines are electrified - in continental Europe the contact wire was still attached for the basic dimensions of Gabarit PPI and allows almost no conversion to such a significantly higher clearance profile.

Loading gauge

Load gauge (Austria, Switzerland), load gauge (Germany), known in Germany by railway enthusiasts as “profile gallows” and colloquially as “loading template”.

As a loading doctrine loading gauge , load profile, loading template or colloquially called profile gallows also refers teaching for checking of the inside space of the charge of a freight wagon. In the past, these were found on open loading tracks , goods sheds , track scales or at the transition between different railway administrations made of wood or iron profiles, which could be swiveled out into the track to check the loading dimensions of loaded freight wagons . If the doctrine did not touch the load, the vehicle gauge was adhered to and the freight wagon could run on the rail network without any fixed equipment on the route colliding with the load. If the loading gauge was not adhered to, the loading had to be changed or the train had to run as a loading gauge excess (LÜ shipment).

See also

  • Bernese area - in English the loading measure PPI is also called Berne Gauge (Berner Lademaß), which must not be confused with the Bernese area, which is also valid in the railway sector, and the term gauge used in English for the gauge .
  • Itinéraire à Grand Gabarit - the route with a large profile is a road link in France for the transport of parts of the Airbus A380

Remarks

  1. ^ Railway building and operating regulations (BO) . In: German Reich Law Gazette . tape 1928 , no. 37 , p. 542-588 ( wikimedia.org ).
  2. ↑ SR 742.141.3 Ordinance of December 16, 1938 on the technical unit in the railway sector. December 16, 1938, accessed October 23, 2019 .
  3. ↑ a b c d History, reasons and comments on the elaboration and development of the UIC leaflet series 505 and 506 with the topic of the boundary line . In: UIC (Ed.): UIC Code . 3rd edition edition. UIC 505-5, August 2010.
  4. ↑ a b Railway applications - Gauges - Part 1: General . DIN EN 15273-1, October 2017.
  5. ↑ Suadicani: loading gauge . In: Freiherr von Röll (Ed.): Encyclopedia of the Railway System . Second, completely revised edition. tape 7 , 1912, pp. 45 ( zeno.org ).
  6. ↑ Cimonetti: boundary lines for railway vehicles and cargoes . In: Freiherr von Röll (Ed.): Encyclopedia of the Railway System . Second, completely revised edition. tape 10 , 1912, pp. 12 ( zeno.org ).
  7. ↑ spoken like "Gabbaríe" / in phonetic transcription [ gaba'ʀi ]
  8. ↑ Federal Ministry of Transport (ed.): Railway building and operating regulations . First edition. May 8, 1967 ( bgbl.de [PDF]).
  9. ↑ Jürgen Riedl: loading template , laenderbahn-forum.de, accessed June 17, 2014.