Land dragonfly

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Land dragonfly of Emperor Maximilian I from 1511. Part of the Tyrolean state constitution. Exhibited in the Tirol Panorama.

The Landlibell is a document from Emperor Maximilian I dated June 23, 1511. In agreement with the Tyrolean estates, it stipulated that the estates had to do military service in defense of the country . The Landlibell formed part of the Tyrolean state constitution and thus regulated the organization of the military . Its validity and continuation extended until 1918.

structure

The defense team consisted of two groups:

  1. The contingent (a quasi-standing militia army ), divided by courts (administrative units) with a strength of 5,000 to 20,000 men, depending on the threat
  2. The Landsturm (a kind of reserve in the population, in the style of the base of the Austrian militia system until today), in which all able- bodied between the ages of 18 and 60 were called up when the enemy suddenly broke in.

The Landlibell also stated that the contingent and the Landsturm only had to do military service within the state (Tyrol) and that no war should be started that affected Tyrol without the approval of the state estates .

The equipment including weapons had to be procured by the contingent and the Landsturm, they were supported by the Innsbruck arsenal , which supplied guns and tools. This also included the right that everyone fit for military service was allowed to carry a weapon. This strengthened the position of the Tyrolean riflemen . Originally only a third of the members were armed with firearms, the rest had to arm themselves with pikes, shovels, hoes, hatchets and hicks.

Update

The land dragonfly was repeatedly adapted to the changed military and political requirements. Emperor Leopold I reached into the immigration regulations of 1704, the disc and snipers, who in 1703 at the Bavarian Rummel had proved, for the first time a 16  companies strong regiment together. From 1736 a separation was introduced into standschützen with intensive training as a sniper and the landsturm as a militia force.

During the Napoleonic Wars from 1796 to 1813, the first major test of the new defense system took place. The dissolution of the Landlibell by the Bavarian occupying power in 1809 and the compulsory drafting of recruits in Axams led, along with numerous other disagreements, to the initially victorious uprising under Andreas Hofer with the efforts of the Landsturm. Ultimately, the Napoleonic troops allied with Bavaria should be able to win the conflict in the same year at the 4th Battle of Bergisel .

In 1838 the Tyrolean Jägerregiment was founded , which until 1914 consisted exclusively of Tyroleans and was only to be used to protect their own country. In the years 1866 ( Third Italian War of Independence ) and 1914 ( First World War ), however, this principle was violated.

The year 1870 saw the introduction of general conscription from the age of 18 to 42. The conscripts were withdrawn from rifle services for the duration of their military service. After completing their military service, these men formed the Landsturm. The Standschützen formed volunteer regiments for members of the Landsturm and men under 18 and over 42 years of age.

In 1915 regular Tyrolean regiments were deployed in Galicia . Standschützen were used to defend the southern border against Italy - those were all those who were too young or too old for regular military service.

After the collapse of the monarchy in 1918, the archery was no longer of military importance. Since then, the rifle companies have mainly had social significance and serve as Tyrolean riflemen to maintain tradition.

literature

  • Franz Huter : 450 years of the Tyrolean military constitution. The Landlibell from 1511. A landmark and memorial of military capacity and freedom of defense . In: Tyrolean homeland . 25, 1961, ISSN  1013-8919 , pp. 137-142.
  • Richard Lipp: The last impact of the Landlibel Emperor Maximilian in 1919 in Tyrol . In: Tyrolean chronicler . 85, 2001, ZDB -ID 1278631-7 , pp. 22-23.
  • Martin P. Schennach: On the reception history of the Tiroler Landlibell from 1511 . In: Klaus Brandstätter , Julia Hörmann (ed.): Tyrol - Austria - Italy . Festschrift for Josef Riedmann for his 65th birthday. Wagner, Innsbruck 2005, ISBN 3-7030-0400-2 , pp. 577-592 ( Schlern-Schriften 330).