Lily Chicken
| Lily Chicken | ||||||||||||
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Lily Chicken ( Lilioceris lilii ) |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Lilioceris lilii | ||||||||||||
| ( Scopoli , 1763) |
The lily chicken ( Lilioceris lilii ), also known as the lily beetle, is a beetle from the leaf beetle family (Chrysomelidae).
features
The beetles grow to be six to eight millimeters long. They have a sealing wax red pronotum , like colored wing covers , a black head and black legs. The black color differentiates it from the very similar lily of the valley chicken ( Lilioceris merdigera ), which has a red head and large parts of the thighs ( femora ) and rails ( tibia ) of the legs are colored red. The third European species is Lilioceris tibialis , which lives on wild lilies in the Alps , but has red lower legs. The adult beetles can fly; but they rarely fly.
Occurrence
The lily chicken is the most common lily pest in continental Europe and Eurasia. The lily chicken is also found in North Africa . It was introduced to North America , the first evidence comes from Montreal in 1945, and in 1992 it reached the east coast of the USA. It was introduced to the British Isles in 1939 at the latest, and in 2002 it also reached Scotland and Northern Ireland. The lily chicken can be found in wet meadows , on banks, in gardens and parks with lilies.
Way of life
Both the adults and the larvae feed on different types of lilies, but also on checkerboard flowers , giant lilies ( Cardiocrinum ), beautiful lilies and even chives. In the case of lilies, hybrids are more frequently attacked than pure species. The beetles localize their food plants on the basis of the smell, whereby the sensitivity for this varies depending on the stage of life. The larvae cause more damage than the adults because of their increased need for food. They camouflage themselves by depositing their feces on their backs. For this purpose, the anus of the larvae is shifted dorsally. They spend their entire larval time in this slimy "poop sack", only the head protrudes from it. Even birds spurn the larvae for this. In addition, the faecal cover has an insulating effect and enables a relatively constant temperature inside. Pupation takes place in a cocoon formed from foamy, hardened secretion in the earth after the fecal cover has been removed . The adults let themselves fall to the ground in case of danger and initially remain motionless on their backs ( thanatose ), so that their inconspicuous black underside is facing upwards. The beetles can make a chirping noise, up to 200 tones per minute with a maximum frequency of 1–1.3 kHz or 6 kHz. Both males and females have transversely grooved fields on the last abdominal segment, which are painted against the edge of the wing cover. This was interpreted as a defensive reaction, but also as communication between the beetles. Lily chickens overwinter as a pupa or imago and produce one to three generations a year.
Nutrition and development
Two weeks after fertilization, the females lay about 350 eggs in groups of 2–16 eggs on the underside of the leaves of their forage plants. The eggs are about a millimeter in size, cylindrical and orange-red in color. After two to three weeks of feeding on their forage plant, the larvae drop in their cushioning poop sack and pupate in the ground. The beetle hatches after a further one to two weeks. The beetles can train up to three generations per year. They can be found on the feeding plants from April to June and in September.
Fighting in the ornamental garden
It is generally recommended to collect the beetles. It is advisable to hold a hand or a vessel under the infested plant, as the beetles will drop in danger. If the plant is already infected with larvae, these can easily be hosed off with a sharp jet of water. The larvae are unable to crawl back to the plant and therefore cannot develop any further. In the event of severe infestation, an aqueous soft soap - ethanol solution is recommended as a spray, as is also used in organic farming. Dusting with algae lime or rock flour should also help.
supporting documents
Individual evidence
- ↑ Andrew Salisbury, The biology of the Lily Beetle, Lilioceris lilii (Scopoli) (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE). An extract from 'Impact, host range and chemical ecology of the lily beetle, Lilioceris lilii', a thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Imperial College London 2008, p. 3. ( online )
- ↑ Andrew Salisbury, The biology of the Lily Beetle, Lilioceris lilii (Scopoli) (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE). An extract from 'Impact, host range and chemical ecology of the lily beetle, Lilioceris lilii', a thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Imperial College London 2008, p. 4. ( online )
- ↑ Andrew Salisbury, The biology of the Lily Beetle, Lilioceris lilii (Scopoli) (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE). An extract from 'Impact, host range and chemical ecology of the lily beetle, Lilioceris lilii', a thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Imperial College London 2008, p. 12. ( online )
- ↑ Lily beetle survey (with detailed distribution maps)
- ↑ Andrew Salisbury 2003, A further note on the continued spread in Britain of the Lily beetle Lilioceris lilii (Scopoli) (Chrysomelidae), with notes on its host plant range. The Coleopterist 12, pp. 67-75
- ↑ Andrew Salisbury, The biology of the Lily Beetle, Lilioceris lilii (Scopoli) (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE). An extract from 'Impact, host range and chemical ecology of the lily beetle, Lilioceris lilii', a thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Imperial College London 2008, p. 13. ( online )
- ^ A b c Salisbury, Andrew, Clark, SJ, Powell, W., Hardie, J. 2010. Susceptibility of six Lilium to damage by the lily beetle, Lilioceris lilii (Coleoptera; Chrysomelidae). Annals of Applied Biology 156, p. 103, doi : 10.1111 / j.1744-7348.2009.00368.x
- ↑ Andrew Salisbury, Clark, SJ, Powell, W., Hardie, J. 2010. Susceptibility of six Lilium to damage by the lily beetle, Lilioceris lilii (Coleoptera; Chrysomelidae). Annals of Applied Biology 156, pp. 103-110, doi : 10.1111 / j.1744-7348.2009.00368.x
- ↑ Andrew Salisbury, Samantha M. Cook, Wilf Powell, Jim Hardie, Odor-mediated orientation behavior of the lily beetle Lilioceris lilii . Physiological Entomology 37, 2012, pp. 97-102, doi : 10.1111 / j.1365-3032.2011.00823.x
- ↑ Andrew Salisbury, The biology of the Lily Beetle, Lilioceris lilii (Scopoli) (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE). An extract from 'Impact, host range and chemical ecology of the lily beetle, Lilioceris lilii', a thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Imperial College London 2008, p. 18. ( online )
- ↑ Schmitt, M. and D. Traude 1990. Morphological and bioacoustic aspects of stridulation in Criocerinae (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). Zoologischer Anzeiger 225, pp. 225-240, cited from Salisbury 2008
- ↑ Andrew Salisbury, The biology of the Lily Beetle, Lilioceris lilii (Scopoli) (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE). An extract from 'Impact, host range and chemical ecology of the lily beetle, Lilioceris lilii', a thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Imperial College London 2008, p. 17f. ( online )
- ↑ Haye T., Kenis M. 2004. Biology of Lilioceris spp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and their parasitoids in Europe. Biological Control 29, pp. 399-408
- ^ Ingrid Pfendtner : Der Gartendoktor , Knaur Ratgeber Verlag 2004, p. 85
literature
- Harde, Severa: Der Kosmos Käferführer: The Central European Beetles , Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart, 4th, revised and expanded edition 2000, ISBN 3-440-06959-1
- Werner Jacobs, Maximilian Renner, Klaus Honomichl: Biology and ecology of insects. Ein Taschenlexikon, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg 1998, ISBN 3-8274-0799-0
- Andrew Salisbury, The biology of the Lily Beetle, Lilioceris lilii (Scopoli) (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE). An extract from 'Impact, host range and chemical ecology of the lily beetle, Lilioceris lilii', a thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Imperial College London 2008. ( online ).
