List of heads of government of the Republic of China (1912–1949)

The following list of Heads of Government of the Republic of China (1912–1949) lists those who held government power in the Republic of China (1912–1949) . The Republic of China was established in 1912 after the end of the Chinese Empire . In the initial phase the republic was marked by pronounced political instability and the governments changed in quick succession. In 1915/16 there was a brief attempt at restoration by the monarchy under Yuan Shikai as self-proclaimed emperor. 1916–1926 was followed by a "phase of warlords" in which various local military rulers, some of whom were supported from abroad, competed with one another. In 1925, after the “ May 30th Movement ”, the so-called “National Revolution” from 1925–1927 occurred , in which the revolutionary army of the “Chinese National Party” Kuomintang under Chiang Kai-shek took action against the military rulers in central and northern China. In 1927, a national government was formed in Nanking under the Kuomintang, which in 1928, after the march north and the capture of Beijing, took over government power in almost all of China. The Kuomintang government lasted until the end of the Chinese Civil War in 1948. After the Communists' victory in the civil war (1945–1949), the Kuomintang government fled to the island of Taiwan , where it established the Republic of China on Taiwan , which still exists today.

See also : List of Heads of Government of the Republic of China (Taiwan)

list

More independent

Beiyang clique , etc.

Progress party

Kuomintang (nationalists)

Prime Minister of the Republic of China 1912–1914

• Period: March 13, 1912 - May 1, 1914

According to the 1912 Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China, the leader of the majority faction in parliament should be promoted to prime minister by the president; H. Appointed heads of government.

No.	image	Name (life data)	Appointment and end of office		Days	Political party	president
1		Tang Shaoyi 唐紹儀 Táng Shàoyí (1862-1938)	March 13, 1912	June 27, 1912	106	Beiyang clique	Sun Yat-sen , Yuan Shikai
2		Lu Zhengxiang (Pierre-Célestin Lou) 陸徵祥 Lù Zhēngxiáng (1871–1949)	June 29, 1912	22 Sep 1912	56	Beiyang clique	Yuan Shikai
3		Zhao Bingjun 趙秉鈞 Zhào Bǐngjūn (1859-1914)	25 Sep 1912	May 1, 1913	252	Beiyang clique	Yuan Shikai
-		Duan Qirui 段祺瑞 Duàn Qíruì (1865–1936)	May 1, 1913	July 31, 1913	91	Beiyang clique	Yuan Shikai
4th		Xiong Xiling 熊希龄 Xióng Xīlíng (1870-1937)	July 31, 1913	Feb 12, 1914	196	Beiyang clique	Yuan Shikai
-		Sun Baoqi 孫寶琦 Sūn Bǎoqí (1867–1931)	Feb 12, 1914	May 1, 1914	78	Beiyang clique	Yuan Shikai

Foreign Minister of the reconstituted Empire of China 1915–1916

• Period: December 22nd, 1915 - March 22nd, 1916

No.	image	Name (life data)	Appointment and end of office		Days	Political party	Emperor
(2)		Lu Zhengxiang (Pierre-Célestin Lou) 陸徵祥 Lù Zhēngxiáng (1871–1949)	December 22, 1915	March 22, 1916	91	independent	Hongxian (Yuan Shikai)

Foreign Minister of the Republic of China 1914–1916

• Period: May 1, 1914 - December 22, 1915; March 22, 1916 - June 29, 1916

No.	image	Name (life data)	Appointment and end of office		Days	Political party	president
5		Xu Shichang 徐世昌 Xú Shìchāng (1855-1939)	May 1, 1914	December 22, 1915	600	Beiyang clique	Yuan Shikai
			March 22, 1916	Apr 23, 1916	32
6th		Duan Qirui 段祺瑞 Duàn Qíruì (1865–1936)	Apr 23, 1916	June 29, 1916	67	Beiyang clique	Yuan Shikai , Li Yuanhong

Chairwoman of the State Council of the Republic of China 1916–1917

• Period: June 29, 1916 - July 1, 1917

No.	image	Name (life data)	Appointment and end of office		Days	Political party	president
(6)		Duan Qirui 段祺瑞 Duàn Qíruì (1865–1936)	June 29, 1916	May 23, 1917	328	Progress party	Li Yuanhong
-		Wu Tingfang 伍廷芳 Wu Tíngfāng (1842–1922)	May 23, 1917	May 28, 1917	5	Progress party	Li Yuanhong
7th		Li Jingxi 李 經 羲 Li Jīngxī (1859-1925)	May 28, 1917	July 1, 1917	34	Progress party	Li Yuanhong

Prime Minister of the reinstated Qing Dynasty July 1917

• Period: July 1, 1917 - July 12, 1917

On July 1, 1917, there was a coup that aimed to restore the Qing Monarchy. The leader of the coup, Zhang Xun, was entrusted with the management of government by the reinstated Emperor Puyi . However, Chang was replaced 12 days later by Duan Qirui , who restored the republic.

No.	image	Name (life data)	Appointment and end of office		Days	Political party	Emperor
-		Zhang Xun 張勳 Zhāng Xūn (1854–1923)	July 1, 1917	July 12, 1917	16	independent	Xuantong (Puyi)

Prime Minister of the State Council of the Republic of China 1917–1924

• Period: July 14, 1917 - November 24, 1924

No.	image	Name (life data)	Appointment and end of office		Days	Political party	president
(6)		Duan Qirui 段祺瑞 Duàn Qíruì (1865–1936)	July 14, 1917	Nov 22, 1917	128	Anhui clique	Feng Guozhang
-		Wang Daxie 汪大燮 Wāng Dàxiè (1860–1929)	Nov 22, 1917	Nov 30, 1917	8th	Zhili clique	Feng Guozhang
-		Wang Shizhen 王士珍 Wáng Shìzhēn (1861–1930)	Nov 30, 1917	Feb. 20, 1918	82	Anhui clique	Feng Guozhang
-		Qian Nengxun 錢 能 訓 Qián Néngxun (1869–1924)	Feb. 20, 1918	March 23, 1918	31	Anhui clique	Feng Guozhang
(6)		Duan Qirui 段祺瑞 Duàn Qíruì (1865–1936)	March 23, 1918	Oct 10, 1918	201	Anhui clique	Feng Guozhang
-		Qian Nengxun 錢 能 訓 Qián Néngxun (1869–1924)	Oct 10, 1918	June 13, 1919	246	Anhui clique	Xu Shichang
-		Gong Xinzhan 龔 心 湛 Gōng Xīnzhàn (1871-1943)	June 13, 1919	Sep 24 1919	103	Anhui clique	Xu Shichang
8th		Jin Yunpeng 靳雲鵬 Jìn Yúnpéng (1877–1951)	Sep 24 1919	May 14, 1920	233	Anhui clique	Xu Shichang
9		Sa Zhenbing 薩 鎮 冰 Sà Zhènbīng (1859–1952)	May 14, 1920	Aug 9, 1920	87	Anhui clique	Xu Shichang
(8th)		Jin Yunpeng 靳雲鵬 Jìn Yúnpéng (1877–1951)	Aug 9, 1920	Dec 18, 1921	496	Anhui clique	Xu Shichang
-		Yan Huiqing (WW Yan) 顏惠慶 Yán Huìqìng (1877–1950)	Dec 18, 1921	December 24, 1921	6th	Zhili clique	Xu Shichang
10		Liang Shiyi 梁士詒 Liáng Shìyí (1869–1933)	December 24, 1921	Jan. 25, 1922	32	Cantonese clique	Xu Shichang
-		Yan Huiqing (WW Yan) 顏惠慶 Yán Huìqìng (1877–1950)	Jan. 25, 1922	Apr 8, 1922	73	Zhili clique	Xu Shichang
-		Zhou Ziqi 周 自 齊 Zhōu Zìqí (1871-1923)	April 8, 1922	June 11, 1922	64	Anhui clique	Xu Shichang , Zhou Ziqi (acting in parallel)
11		Yan Huiqing (WW Yan) 顏惠慶 Yán Huìqìng (1877–1950)	June 11, 1922	Aug 5, 1922	55	Zhili clique	Li Yuanhong
-		Wang Chonghui 王 寵 惠 Wáng Chǒnghuì (1881-1958)	Aug 5, 1922	Nov 29, 1922	116	independent	Li Yuanhong
-		Wang Daxie 汪大燮 Wāng Dàxiè (1860–1929)	Nov 29, 1922	December 11, 1922	12	Zhili clique	Li Yuanhong
-		Wang Zhengting 王正廷 Wáng Zhèngtíng (1882–1961)	December 11, 1922	Jan. 4, 1923	24	independent	Li Yuanhong
12		Zhang Shaozeng 張紹 曾 Zhāng Shàozéng (1879–1928)	Jan. 4, 1923	Sep 9 1923	248	Beiyang clique	Li Yuanhong , Gao Lingwei
13		Gao Lingwei 高凌 霨 Gāo Língwèi (1868–1939)	Sep 9 1923	Jan. 12, 1924	125	independent	Gao Lingwei , Cao Kun
14th		Sun Baoqi 孫寶琦 Sūn Bǎoqí (1867–1931)	Jan. 12, 1924	July 2, 1924	172	Beiyang clique	Cao Kun
-		Koo Vi-kyuin (VK Wellington Koo) 顧維鈞 Gù Wéijūn (1887–1985)	July 2, 1924	Sep 14 1924	74	independent	Cao Kun
(11)		Yan Huiqing (WW Yan) 顏惠慶 Yán Huìqìng (1877–1950)	Sep 14 1924	Oct. 31, 1924	47	Zhili clique	Cao Kun
-		Huang Fu 黃 郛 Huáng Fú (1883-1936)	Oct. 31, 1924	Nov 24, 1924	24	independent	Cao Kun , Huang Fu (acting in parallel)

Note: The office of Prime Minister was abolished between November 25, 1924 and December 26, 1925. The head of government at this time was Duan Qirui.

Prime Minister of the State Council of the Republic of China 1925–1928

• Period: December 26, 1925 - June 2, 1928

No.	image	Name (life data)	Appointment and end of office		Days	Political party	president
15th		Xu Shiying 許世英 Xǔ Shìyīng (1873–1964)	December 26, 1925	March 4, 1926	68	independent	Duan Qirui
-		Jia Deyao 賈德耀 Jiǎ Déyào (1880-1940)	March 4, 1926	Apr 20, 1926	47	independent	Duan Qirui
-		Hu Weide 胡 惟 德 Hú Wéidé (1863–1933)	Apr 20, 1926	May 13, 1926	23	independent	Hu Weide (acting in parallel)
(11)		Yan Huiqing (WW Yan) 顏惠慶 Yán Huìqìng (1877–1950)	May 13, 1926	June 22, 1926	40	independent	WW Yan (acting in parallel)
-		Du Xigui 杜 錫 珪 Dù Xīguī (1875–1933)	June 22, 1926	Oct. 1, 1926	101	independent	Du Xigui (acting in parallel)
-		Koo Vi-kyuin (VK Wellington Koo) 顧維鈞 Gù Wéijūn (1887–1985)	Oct. 1, 1926	June 18, 1927	260	independent	VK Wellington Koo (acting in parallel)
-		Pan Fu 潘 復 Pān Fù (1883–1936)	June 18, 1927	June 2, 1928	350	independent	Zhang Zuolin

President of the Executive Yuan of the Republic of China 1928–1948

• Period: October 25, 1928 - May 24, 1948

After Chiang Kai-shek had established the national government of Nanking in 1928, he created the office of President of the Executive Yuan instead of the office of prime minister , in order to clearly differentiate his government from the previous ones in Beijing (now renamed Beiping ) do. His government took its seat in Chongqing during the Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) and fled to Taipei after the Chinese Civil War , where it founded the Republic of China on Taiwan , which still exists today.

No.	image	Name (life data)	Appointment and end of office		Days	Political party	president
16		Tan Yankai 譚延闓 Tán Yánkǎi (1880–1930)	Oct 25, 1928	22 Sep 1930	842	Kuomintang	Tan Yankai (in office at the same time) , Chiang Kai-shek
			Died in office.
17th		Soong Tse-ven (TV Soong) 宋子文 song ZiWen (1894-1971)	25 Sep 1930	Dec. 4, 1930	73	Kuomintang	Chiang Kai-shek
18th		Chiang Kai-shek 蒋中正 Jiǎng Zhōngzhèng (1887–1975)	Dec. 4, 1930	Dec 15, 1931	376	Kuomintang	Chiang Kai-shek (acting in parallel)
19th		Chen Mingshu 陳銘 樞 Chén Míngshū (1889–1965)	Dec 15, 1931	Jan. 1, 1932	17th	Kuomintang	Lenses
20th		Sun Fo 孫 科 Sūn Kē (1891–1973)	Jan. 1, 1932	Jan. 28, 1932	27	Kuomintang	Lenses
21st		Wang Jingwei 汪兆銘 Wāng Jīngwèi (1883–1944)	Jan. 28, 1932	Dec. 1, 1935	1403	Kuomintang	Lenses
(18)		Chiang Kai-shek 蔣中正 Jiǎng Zhōngzhèng (1887–1975)	December 7, 1935	Jan. 1, 1938	756	Kuomintang	Lenses
22nd		Kung Hsiang-hsi (HH Kung) 孔祥熙 Kǒng Xiángxī (1881–1967)	Jan. 1, 1938	Dec 11, 1939	106	Kuomintang	Lenses
(18)		Chiang Kai-shek 蔣中正 Jiǎng Zhōngzhèng (1887–1975)	Dec 11, 1939	May 31, 1945	2707	Kuomintang	Lin Sen , Chiang Kai-shek (acting in parallel)
(17)		Soong Tse-ven (TV Soong) 宋子文 song ZiWen (1891 to 1971)	May 31, 1945	March 1, 1947	639	Kuomintang	Chiang Kai-shek
(18)		Chiang Kai-shek 蔣中正 Jiǎng Zhōngzhèng (1887–1975)	March 1, 1947	Apr 18, 1947	48	Kuomintang	Chiang Kai-shek
23		Chang Ch'ün 張群 Zhāng Qún (1889–1990)	Apr 18, 1947	May 24, 1948	402	Kuomintang	Chiang Kai-shek

The heads of government after the constitution of the Republic of China came into force on December 25, 1947 are included in the list of heads of government of the Republic of China (Taiwan) .

See also

• List of heads of government of the Republic of China (Taiwan) for the period from 1948 onwards

literature

• Dieter Kuhn: The Republic of China from 1912 to 1937. Draft for a political event history . In: Würzburger Sinologische Schriften . 3rd revised and expanded edition. Ed. Forum, Heidelberg, ISBN 3-927943-25-8 ( uni-wuerzburg.de ).

Web links

• China at rulers.org (English)