M9 (apple)

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Size of an apple tree on various Malling series rootstocks

M9 is a slow growing apple variety ; it is used almost exclusively as a base for other apple varieties. It is the most widespread rootstock in commercial fruit growing around the world and was the first rootstock to be distributed in a standardized way worldwide. It gives an early yield with large, well colored fruits. At around 1.80 to 2.50 meters in height, M9 trees are around a third as high as trees made from seedlings . They must be supported by a stake or a trellis throughout their lives . The planting distance between individual bush trees is two and a half to three meters. M9 trees begin to bear after two to three years and reach their full size after five years.

The M9 variety is only slightly susceptible to collar rot , making it one of the most resistant rootstocks in commercial cultivation. However, M9 is very susceptible to fire blight and apple aphid . She lives about 20 years. The flat roots are susceptible to voles and game bites. It is also more susceptible to frost than other common rootstocks. There are now numerous clones and variants of M9.

The variety was selected in 1917 in the English East Malling Research Station from apples of the Gelber Metzer Paradies variety and is thus in the centuries-old European tradition of using paradise apples as bases. M9 has the M in its name after its origins in East Malling. In addition to M9, numerous other M varieties come from East Malling, such as the M1 and M27 , which are also widely used . MM varieties like MM 106 come from a collaboration between the station in East Malling and the John Innes Institute .

Supporter 4 was created from a cross between M9 and M4 .

Remarks

  1. ^ A b Judith Ladner, Andrea Hamdan, Walter Riesen, Christian Krebs: Apple documents: New results on M9 clones and alternatives. In: Swiss journal for fruit growing. 12/2003.
  2. ↑ Rootstocks for apple trees ( Memento of November 8, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) On: orangepippin.com
  3. ↑ John H. Dodds: Tissue Culture of Trees. Taylor & Francis, 1983, ISBN 0-87055-444-1 , p. 62.
  4. ↑ Sean L. Swezey: Organic Apple Production Manual. UCANR Publications, 2000, ISBN 1-879906-48-1 , p. 6.
  5. ↑ Sean L. Swezey: Organic Apple Production Manual. UCANR Publications, 2000, ISBN 1-879906-48-1 .
  6. ↑ Vincent Bus: Pest and Disease Resistance in Pipfruit Rootstocks. ( Memento from February 6, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) In: The Orchardist. 67 (9) 1994, pp. 57-60.
  7. ↑ Ludmilla March: The Apple Handbook. Interesting facts about apples. Diplomica Verlag, Hamburg 2011, ISBN 978-3-8366-9888-7 , p. 134.
  8. ↑ Olaf Möller: How is the growth and yield behavior of new, weakly growing M9 clones of the varieties 'Rubinette' and 'Jonagold, 2381 (Nicobel)' to be assessed? Performance comparison at LVWO Weinsberg. Retrieved January 2, 2019 from propertiBazar.com.
  9. ↑ Thomas Rühmer: Alternative apple stocks. District Association for Horticulture and Land Care Fürstenfeldbruck e. V, 2010. On Agrar.Steiermark.at (PDF; 51 kB), accessed on January 2, 2019.