Maria Firmina dos Reis

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Maria Firmina dos Reis (born October 11, 1825 in São Luís , † 1917 in Guimarães , Maranhão ) was a Brazilian writer . Along with Teresa Margarida da Silva e Orta, she was one of the first Brazilian women writers and is considered to be the first representative of the South American Négritude .

Life

Maria Firmina dos Reis was born out of wedlock to João Pedro Esteves and Leonor Felipe dos Reis; because of this, and as a mulatto , access to public education was difficult. She learned a lot with a maternal aunt and the writer and grammarian Sotero dos Reis (a cousin of her mother). At the age of twenty-two she won a public tender for a position as a primary school teacher in the city of Guimarães (Maranhão).

With their debut album Úrsula , published in 1859 under the pseudonym Uma Maranhense ( "A maranhensische woman"), it represents an abolitionist position about the fate of the slave Ursula. In 1887, the story A Escrava (“The Slave Girl”) with the figure of Isaura followed. In 1871 she published a volume of poetry Cantos à beira-mar . She wrote for literary magazines including Verdadeira Marmota , Semanário Maranhense , O Domingo , O País , Pacotilha, and Federalista . In 1880 she was the first woman to open a mixed girls and boys school in Maranhão State , which caused a scandal at the time.

Her pseudonym was not discovered until 1975 on the occasion of the facsimile edition "Úrsula", published by Horácio de Almeida . It owes its reception today to the interest in older South American women's literature .

effect

A cultural week in her hometown São Luís do Maranhão was named after her, and in 2010 the fourth Semana Cultural Maria Firmina dos Reis .

Works

  • Úrsula . 1859 (novel about the slave girl Úrsula).
    • Úrsula . Gráfica Olímpica Editora, Rio de Janeiro 1975 (facsimile edition of the 1859 edition).
    • Luiza Lobo (Ed.): Úrsula . 3. Edition. Presença, Rio de Janeiro 1988, ISBN 85-252-0035-2 (facsimile edition of the 1859 edition).
    • Eduardo de Assis Duarte (Ed.): Úrsula: romance. A Escrava: conto . Editora Mulheres, Florianópolis / Belo Horizonte 2004, ISBN 978-85-86480-37-9 ( PUC Minas ; further edition 2009).
  • 1871 Cantos à beira-mar (Poems by the Sea)
    • Maria Firmina dos Reis, José Nascimento Morais Filho (ed.): Cantos à beira-mar . 2nd Edition. JN Morais Filho, São Luís do Maranhão 1976, OCLC 494335967 (facsimile edition of the 1871 edition).
  • A escrava . In: Revista Maranhense . tape 1 , no. 3 , 1887 (story about the slave girl Isaura).
    • New edition contained in: Úrsula. Florianópolis 2004.

literature

  • José Nascimento Morais Filho: Maria Firmina dos Reis . São Luís do Maranhão 1975.
  • Luiza Lobo: To auto-retrato de mulher: a pioneira maranhense Maria Firmina dos Reis . In: Letterature d'America . tape 7 , no. 29/31 , 1985, ISSN  1125-1743 , OCLC 7587473 , pp. 71-86 .
  • Alfredo Souza Dorea: Maria Firmina dos Reis, negra memória do Maranhão . In: Cadernos do Ceas . Special issue: 300 anos de Zumbi . 1995, ISSN  0102-9711 , OCLC 1490971 ( webpage (under construction) [accessed March 8, 2013]).
  • Sara V. Rosell: La opresión sexual y racial en Úrsula y A Escrava Isaura . In: La novela antiesclavista en Cuba y Brasil, siglo XIX . Editorial Pliegos, Madrid 1997, ISBN 84-88435-50-9 , chap. 4 , p. 141-178 .
  • Joan Torres-Pou: El melodrama romántico: La crítica al sistema patriarcal en Ursula de Maria Firmina dos Reis . In: Aproximaciones a la narrativa femenina del diecinueve en Latinoamérica . Mellen Press, Lewiston, NY 2002, ISBN 0-7734-7307-6 , pp. 43-54 .
  • Eduardo de Assis Duarte: Marina Firmina dos Reis e os Primórdios da Ficção Afro-brasileira . In: LITERAFRO - Portal da Literatura Afro-brasileira . Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais ( letras.ufmg.br ( Memento from July 15, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) [PDF; 62 kB ; accessed on March 8, 2013]).
  • Juliano Carrupt do Nascimento: O romance Úrsula de Maria Firmina dos Reis: Estética e ideologia no Romantismo brasileiro . Dissertation. Faculdade de Letras da UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro 2009 (Portuguese, letras.ufrj.br [PDF; 393 kB ; accessed on March 8, 2013] Bibliography, pp. 99-102).

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Maria Lúcia de Barros Mott: Submissão e resistência: a mulher na luta contra a escravidão . Contexto, São Paulo 1988, ISBN 85-85134-20-8 .
  2. ↑ Luíza Lobo: Auto-retrato de uma Pioneira abolicionista . In: Crítica sem juízo . 1993, ISBN 85-265-0306-5 .
  3. ^ Nascimento Morais Filho: Maria Firmina, fragmentos de uma vida . COCSN, São Luiz 1975, OCLC 762780691 .
  4. ↑ zahide Lupinacci Muzart: Maria Firmina dos Reis . In: Zahidé Lupinacci Muzart (ed.): Escritoras brasileiras do século XIX . 2nd Edition. Editora Mulheres / EDUNISC, Florianópolis / Santa Cruz do Sul 2000, ISBN 85-86501-09-3 , p. 264 .
  5. ↑ Eduardo de Assis Duarte: Epilogue to the 2004 edition ( Memento of September 19, 2004 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on January 1, 2011 (Portuguese).
personal data
SURNAME Reis, Maria Firmina dos
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Brazilian poet and journalist
DATE OF BIRTH October 11, 1825
PLACE OF BIRTH São Luís
DATE OF DEATH 1917
Place of death Guimarães