Martin T. Orne

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Martin Theodore Orne (born October 16, 1927 in Vienna , Austria; † February 11, 2000 in Paoli (Pennsylvania) , USA) was an Austro-American psychologist and psychiatrist . He taught at the University of Pennsylvania and made a name for himself primarily in the fields of psychological research methods, clinical psychology and hypnosis .

Life

Orne was born in Vienna in 1927 as the son of the psychiatrist Martha (Brunner) Orne and the surgeon Frank Orne. In 1938, when the National Socialists came to power , Orne's family had to leave Austria and emigrated to the USA. They first settled in New York City , where Martin T. Orne attended the Bronx High School of Science . The family then moved to Boston , where MT Orne earned a bachelor's degree and a doctorate in psychology from Harvard University in 1958, and an MD from Tufts University in 1955. Orne completed his psychiatric training from 1957 to 1960 at the Massachusetts Mental Health Center.

Orne taught and researched at Harvard Medical School (1962–1964) and at the Department of Psychology at the University of California . In 1967 he was appointed professor at the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Pennsylvania Medical School, where he taught and researched until his retirement in 1996 and beyond.

Orne died at the age of 72. His surviving dependents are his wife, Emily Carota Orne, a psychology researcher at the University of Pennsylvania who has worked closely with her husband for many years, his son Franklin and his daughter Tracy.

plant

In the field of psychological research Orne was mainly about his work on the challenging character or the " demand characteristics " of the situation in the psychological experiment has known for the subjects, the features of a role-playing situation and serious methodological problems for what is now called Ecological validity of psychological experimental research (see also the explanations on reactivity and role play in psychological research ).

Other focal points were his numerous research work on hypnosis and hypnotherapy as well as forensic psychology and psychiatry . A large number of specialist articles and book contributions are available from him.

Publications (selection)

  • 1962: On the social psychology of the psychological experiment: With particular reference to demand characteristics and their implications . American Psychologist, 17, 776-783.
  • 1969: Demand characteristics and the concept of quasi-controls . In R. Rosenthal & R. Rosnow (Eds.), Artifact in behavioral research. New York: Academic Press. 143-179.
  • 1973: Communication by the total experimental situation: Why it is important, how it is evaluated, and its significance for the ecological validity of findings . In P. Pliner, L. Krames, & T. Alloway (Eds.), Communication and affect. New York: Academic Press. 157-191.
  • 1975: Hypnosis . In G. Lindzey, C. Hall, & R. Thompson (Eds.), Psychology. New York: Worth Publishers. 150-154.
  • 1980: On the construct of hypnosis: How its definition affects research and its clinical application . In G. Burrows & L. Dennerstein (Eds.), Handbook of hypnosis and psychosomatic medicine. Amsterdam: Elsevier / North Holland. 29-51.
  • Complete Orne bibliography on the University of Pennsylvania website

Honors (selection)

  • Honorary Doctorate from John F. Kennedy University , 1980.
  • Royal Society of Medicine, Honorary Member, 1980.
  • Benjamin Franklin Gold Medal, International Society of Hypnosis, 1982.
  • American Psychological Association , Distinguished Scientific Award for the Applications of Psychology, 1986.
  • American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, Seymour Pollack Award, 1991.
  • American Psychological Society, James McKeen Cattell Fellow Award in Applied Psychology, 1992.
  • Honorary doctorate from Hofstra University , 1993.

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Information from: Orne, Martin Theodore , in: Noel Sheehy et al., Biographical Dictionary of Psychology, Taylor & Francis 2002, p. 428.
  2. ↑ see Eric Nagourney's obituary in the New York Times on February 17, 2000.
  3. ↑ Orne, MT, On the social psychology of the psychological experiment: With particular reference to demand characteristics and their implications. American Psychologist , 1962, 17, 776-783.
personal data
SURNAME Orne, Martin T.
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Orne, Martin Theodore (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Austro-American psychologist, and psychiatrist
DATE OF BIRTH October 16, 1927
PLACE OF BIRTH Vienna , Austria
DATE OF DEATH February 11, 2000
Place of death Paoli, Pennsylvania , USA