Martinsvögel

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The Martinsvögel were a noble society of the 14th century . It was a protective alliance for mutual military support. Occasionally the Martinsvögel are equated with the later Schleglers , or viewed as their predecessors. This equation has also been cemented by the fact that it was adopted by Ludwig Uhland in his poem The attack in the Wildbad . The equation has already been refuted by Stälin.

The sources of information about the company are not very good. Statutes are mentioned in connection with a new foundation in 1395, but have not been preserved. Two phases of this company can be recognized, whereby there is no certainty as to whether the second phase is a start-up or whether there was continuity. We first met older society in 1367 when the Martinsvögel were mentioned in connection with the attack on Wildbad. In older literature, 11 November ( Martinstag ) 1362 is incorrectly stated as the founding date, but this is a nameless society that was based in southern Hesse and the Wetterau and which has no personal identity with the Martinsvögeln.

If society is portrayed as an “unknightly combat group” in older literature, this is due to the one-sided and moralizing tradition of its opponents. The purpose of society, as is usual for such societies, was mutual military protection and internal peacekeeping. Eberbach saw in the Martinsvögeln the first Swabian association of imperial direct knights who opposed the power of the then emerging territorial powers by all means.

The attack in the Wildbad

Uhland-inspired relief in Wildbad

Eberhard von Württemberg claimed the indebted territories of the Counts of Eberstein . The Counts of Eberstein tried to fend off these claims with the help of allies - the Martinsvögeln. Without announcing their feud, the Martinsvögel attacked Count Eberhard den Greiner in the Wildbad (either Wildbad or Teinach ). The Württemberg man was warned and the attack was foiled. The Ebersteiners now allied themselves with Ruprecht the Elder of the Palatinate and the Margraves of Baden . Eberhard von Württemberg sought support from King Wenzel and the cities. An arbitration came about only in 1385. The following are named as participants in the attack on the Martinsvögel side: Count Wilhelm and Count Wolf von Eberstein , Wolf von Wunnenstein , called the glistening wolf, Konrad and Johann von Schmalenstein , Huggelin von Rappoldstein, the painter from Freiburg, Hans von Rosenstein, the lords of Windeck , Aberlyn Wydenbusch, Heinrich Glatze, Kunz von Winterbusch and Johann Bosensteiner.

Further development

After the unification of 1385, the covenant may have been dissolved. At this point in time, Count Eberhard von Württemberg had succeeded in getting some comrades on his side, if not the Federation. In the Battle of Döffingen they fought at his side against the townspeople. During this time Friedrich von Hattstat is named as a captain. As further members: Junker Schwarzrudolph von Andela ( Andlau ), Lütelmanann von Ratzenhusen (Rathsamhausen), Andreas von Hungerstein and Gotzmann Münich von Münchstein.

On April 25, 1395, the company can be found again under its name. It is a document that regulates the debt settlement of the City of Strasbourg in connection with the military conflict that has just ended. Obviously, the Martinsvögel were in the wages of the city of Strasbourg. The document shows that the comrades settle disputes among themselves, but not in matters of money and interest. In this recent period Jerathus von Rathsamshausen and Georg von Andlau appear as captains. These two names are mentioned in the last known document on the St. Martin's birds when they apologized to the city of Strasbourg on March 28, 1397 for preventing them.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ In the poem Der Überfall im Wildbad, Uhland attributes the attack by Count Wolf von Eberstein to Count Eberhard der Greiner from the Schleglern family. Uhland then made the mistake of smashing the Schleglerbund in his poem The Three Kings zu Heimsen, also attributing Count Eberhard the Greiner (and not Eberhard the Mild ), specifically in retaliation for the attack in the Wildbad.
  2. ↑ Ludwig Uhland again processed this in his poem The Döffinger Battle , in which the gleaming Wolf von Wunnenstein, instead of the Vogtes von Herrenberg, Werner von Rosenfeld, is given the decisive role in the battle.

( 1 ) Orders of knights and noble societies in late medieval Germany . In: Holger Kruse, Werner Paravicini, Andreas Ranft (Hrsg.): Kieler Werkstücke, Series D: Contributions to the European history of the late Middle Ages . tape 1 . Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main 1991, ISBN 3-631-43635-1 .

  1. ↑ P. 181 with reference to: Christoph Friedrich von Stälin: Wirtembergische Geschichte . tape III . Stuttgart 1856, p. 300 f . (Reprint of Aalen 1975).
  2. ↑ P. 73 with reference to: Johannes Fritz (editor): Document book of the city of Strasbourg . In: political documents from 1381–1400 . tape 6 , no. 930 . Strasbourg 1899.
  3. ↑ p. 71.
  4. ↑ P. 73 with reference to: Karl Heinrich Roth von Schreckenstein: History of the former free imperial knighthood in Swabia, Franconia and on the Rhine river . tape 1 . Tübingen 1859, p. 451 f .
  5. ↑ P. 73 with reference to: Karl Ernst Demandt: Geschichte des Landes Hessen . Revised reprint of the extended edition from 1972. Kassel 1980, p. 465 . and Maurice Keen: The Chivalry . Munich / Zurich 1987, p. 274, 277, 286, 288 .
  6. ↑ p. 71.
  7. ↑ P. 72 with reference to: Otto Eberbach: The German Imperial Knighthood in its constitutional and political development from its beginnings to the year 1495 . In: Walter Goetz (Ed.): Contributions to the cultural history of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance . tape 11 . Berlin 1913, p. 16 f . (Reprint Hildesheim 1974).
  8. ↑ p. 71.
  9. ↑ P. 73 with reference to: Karl Heinrich Roth von Schreckenstein: History of the former free imperial knighthood in Swabia, Franconia and on the Rhine river . tape 1 . Tübingen 1859, p. 451 .
  10. ↑ P. 73 with reference to: Otto Eberbach: The German Imperial Knighthood in its constitutional and political development from its beginnings up to 1495 . In: Walter Goetz (Ed.): Contributions to the cultural history of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance . tape 11 . Berlin 1913, p. 16 f . (Reprint Hildesheim 1974).
  11. ↑ P. 73 with reference to: Karl Heinrich Roth von Schreckenstein: History of the former free imperial knighthood in Swabia, Franconia and on the Rhine river . tape 1 . Tübingen 1859, p. 451 f .
  12. ↑ P. 72 with reference to: Johannes Fritz (editor): Document book of the city of Strasbourg . In: political documents from 1381–1400 . tape 6 , no. 930 . Strasbourg 1899.
  13. ↑ P. 72 with reference to: Johannes Fritz (editor): Document book of the city of Strasbourg . In: political documents from 1381–1400 . tape 6 , no. 1240 . Strasbourg 1899.

literature

Karl Konrad Finke: The assassination attempt on Count Eberhard II of Württemberg. The << attack in the Wildbad >> 1367. In: Schwäbische Heimat, Vol. 67 (2016), pp. 286–294.