Multi-product

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The more product (or English Surplus ) is in the classical economics of the excess of the above, needs also produced is.

General

This economic category can be found in its simplest form in the Tableau économique by the Physiocrat François Quesnay , where it represents that part of the annual production of agricultural products that is not needed for the livelihood of the labor employed in agricultural production . In this first reproductive flow scheme, it is shown that the national income, which Quesnay sees exclusively in the form of agricultural products, if it is to be periodically reproduced in the same amount, has to be fed back into production to a certain extent. In addition to the worn out means of production , what agricultural workers need to survive must also be replaced . The surplus beyond the reproductive need determined in this way is the surplus product that society can dispose of or that is distributed after the various social classes have participated in this production process. This creates a direct connection between production and the distribution of the national product.

Historical materialism

The fact that farmers produce more food than they consume is an economic prerequisite for other people to specialize in handicrafts , trade and other activities in a city . According to historical materialism , a level of productivity that permanently allows the achievement of surplus product is the prerequisite for a community to move from income equality to inequality and thus to class society . Because slave labor is only worthwhile if the slave produces more than he needs to live. Ernest Mandel deals with Harry W. Pearson, who distinguished between “absolute” and “relative surplus” and who ultimately questioned the relevance of this economic explanation for tribal societies.

Karl Marx

According to Karl Marx's labor theory of value , the social surplus product in the form of surplus value occurs in capitalism with the form of value that production based on the division of labor receives through the exchange of goods . The appropriation of surplus value is seen as the exploitation of the wage workers directly involved in production.

Adam Smith , David Ricardo and Karl Marx have deviated from the idea of ​​subsistence wages when determining the wage level and instead determined it as a function of cultural and social conditions, in particular the balance of power and the different bargaining power positions of the social classes involved in production.

Classical economics

The classical economics sees the need to Pierangelo Garegnani in contrast to neoclassical economics to be construed as a surplustheoretischer approach starting from a given real wage and a certain production technology and its productivity and then the surplus determined as that which ultimately is left of the national product.

literature

  • Pierangelo Garegnani: Capital, Income Distribution and Effective Demand. Contributions to the renaissance of the classical approach in political economy. Metropolis: Marburg 1989. ISBN 3-926570-10-5 .
  • Ernest Mandel: Marxist economic theory. Writings 1. Neuer ISP Verlag GmbH Cologne Karlsruhe new edition 2007. ISBN 978-3-89900-115-0 .
  • Chris Harman : A People's History of the World . Bookmarks London, Chicago, Sydney 1999. ISBN 1-898876-55-X

Web links

Wiktionary: Multi-product  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Pierangelo Garegnani: Capital, Income Distribution and Effective Demand. Marburg 1989. p. 19
  2. ^ V. Gordon Childe : The Dawn of European Civilization . Alfred A. Knopf New York 6th rev. 1967, p. 15.
  3. ↑ Friedrich Engels: The origin of the family, private property and the state. In: Marx / Engels: Selected Writings. Vol. II. Berlin 1968. p. 285
  4. ↑ Ernest Mandel: Marxist economic theory. Neuer ISP Verlag GmbH Cologne Karlsruhe 2007. p. 45f: Is there an “economic surplus”? M. Godelier gives an overview of the "surplus" debate: Rationality and irrationality in the economy. From the French by M. Noll and R. Schubert. Frankfurt am Main 1972. pp. 305-311.
  5. ↑ Pierangelo Garegnani: Capital, Income Distribution and Effective Demand. Marburg 1989. pp. 18f