requirement
In general, demand is the desire of an economic subject , experienced as a deficiency , to acquire goods and services , the possession , use , use or consumption of which means that needs can be expected to be satisfied . The demand supported by purchasing power is called demand .
General
The chain links lack, need, need and demand are often used synonymously, but must be differentiated from one another in economic terms. An objective deficiency becomes a need when it is perceived subjectively by economic subjects and there is an incentive to satisfy the need . When a subjective need becomes concrete, the economically relevant need arises. Demand is the type and / or quantity of goods and services necessary to satisfy an economic entity's needs.
Hunger therefore arouses the (pre-economic) unspecific need for food , the concrete desire for a pizza presents itself as an economically relevant need. This desire becomes demand through purchasing power ( monetary value ). Purchasing power acts as a selection criterion, which ultimately does not turn every need into a concrete demand. If there is a lack of money , there is no demand. Not all needs are of economic importance. For example, nature offers us free goods free of charge. The need for physical activity then turns into a need through the desire to hike , but it does not require purchasing power.
species
A distinction is made between the original (original) needs of private households (consumers) and the derived (derivative) needs of companies . The original needs of private households consist of the demand for goods and services (such as household items ). If companies want to satisfy these original needs of private households through production , they have to develop requirements ( raw materials , etc.) - derivative requirements - for their production process themselves .
In addition, between the independent supplies ( independent requirements ), which has no relationship to a demand of a different product, and the demand-dependent ( dependent requirement to distinguish) which depends on the requirements of another product. Primary requirement is requirement external to the company ( market demand for end products or spare parts ), while secondary requirement represents the requirement for assemblies , components or raw materials that are required to produce the primary requirement. The tertiary demand includes the need for auxiliary and operating materials as well as wear tools for production. Secondary and tertiary requirements are therefore requirements that arise within a company in order to manufacture an end product. In 1996, Wolfgang Koschnick listed other types of needs.
history
Adam Smith already pointed out in his book The Prosperity of Nations in March 1776 that only the needs of those who can pay the price of a commodity are decisive for the demand ("effective demand"; English effectual demand ). For David Ricardo , need is the unity of many needs or a need that is socially objectified through its generality or its periodicity and therefore prevention in supply and is linked to a certain type of goods; need is the psychological driving force, and its satisfaction is the aim of economic activity. In 1869, John Stuart Mill confirmed Adam Smith's statement about "effective demand" in his "Principles of Political Economy". According to John Maynard Keynes' liquidity preference theory of February 1936, the demand for money is based on the transaction motive (the need for cash for current transactions , for example purchases ), the precautionary motive (desire to keep cash for unforeseen needs) and finally the speculative motive (cash holding for the purpose of investing in dependency the expected interest rate ). Keynes, however, used need and demand as synonyms.
Economics
The economics is particularly interested in the needs and not the needs. Therefore it understands the need either as the type and / or quantity of the goods / services actually demanded or the type and / or quantity of the goods / services required from an objective point of view ; the latter are derived from needs.
Business administration
In business administration, the needs assessment knows the following types of needs:
The needs can be assigned to individual operational functions as part of the needs analysis .
Need in family and welfare law
According to Section 1577 (1) BGB, a person is considered to be in need under family law if and to the extent that they are unable to meet their needs themselves. The claim to maintenance includes questions about the reason for maintenance, need, need and performance.
The standard requirement in welfare law is the amount that the beneficiary can claim from the state to provide adequate financial cover for his livelihood ( Section 20 SGB II , Section 27a SGB XII ). The amount of unemployment benefit II or social assistance to be granted depends on the need . In Germany, a community of need is assumed.
Linguistic
The term “needs” is generally only used in the singular, the plural “needs” only occurs in technical languages . As a compound , there is the basic word "supplies" for example, in economic entities ( "Utensils") or sectors ( "Industrial supplies") and refers to the trade with household appliances and industrial goods . As an adjective, it is mainly used in legal language. Thus saith § 81 BGB that the act of foundation inter vivos of writing "needs" requires, ie written form.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Steffen Fleßa , Grundzüge der Krankenhausbetriebslehre , 2007, p. 33
- ↑ Jörg Freiling / M. Reckenfelderbäumer, Market and Entrepreneurship , 2005, p. 85 f.
- ^ Günter Wiswede , Introduction to Business Psychology , 1973, p. 112
- ↑ Jörg Freiling / M. Reckenfelderbäumer, Market and Entrepreneurship , 2005, p. 85
- ↑ Andreas Sennheiser / Matthias J. Schnetzler, Value-Oriented Supply Chain Management , 2008, p. 106
- ↑ Wolfgang Koschnick, Management: Enzyklopädisches Lexikon , 1996, p. 69
- ^ Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations , Volume 1, 2015, p. 31
- ↑ Dimitri Kalinoff, David Ricardo and Die Grenzwertheorie : a contribution to the dispute between benefit and cost value theory , 1906, p. 26
- ^ John Stuart Mill, Principles of Political Economy , 1869, p. 111
- ^ John Maynard Keynes, General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money , 1936, p. 167
- ↑ Rainer Fischbach / Klaus Wollenberg, Economics: Introduction and Basics , 2007, p. 17
- ↑ Gabler Wirtschaftslexikon, Volume 1, 1984, Sp. 516
- ↑ cf. z. B. Bertelsmann / formerly Knaur, Die neue Rechtschreibung , Munich 1996, p. 239
- ↑ need. In: duden.de. Retrieved May 21, 2015 .
