Salad

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Salad
Systematics
Order : Astern-like (Asterales)
Family : Daisy family (Asteraceae)
Subfamily : Cichorioideae
Genre : Lettuce ( Lactuca )
Type : Garden salad ( Lactuca sativa )
Variety : Salad
Scientific name
Lactuca sativa var. Crispa
L.
Lollo bionda
Lollo rossa (often Lollo rosso in German-speaking countries )
typical mixed cultivation in two colors

Cut lettuce , Pflücksalat or lettuce ( Lactuca sativa var. Crispa ) is a variety of garden lettuce ( Lactuca sativa ), a leafy vegetables that is eaten unheated fresh. Botanically, the lettuce plants are divided into two main groups: the lettuce and the chicory group; Exceptions are lamb's lettuce and rocket , which belong to other plant families. Unlike lettuce , the cut lettuce does not form "heads", but the leaves are gradually harvested from the outside in. In the case of ready-made salads available in bags, however, they are harvested mechanically. Approx. 0.5–1 cm above the ground is cut so that 2–3 harvests are possible. The umbrella term “the cut salads” also means vegetables that are suitable for the same cultivation, harvest and sale methods.

Salad

These are mostly older varieties that already existed in the 19th century. The following varieties are sown individually and harvested individually, rarely sold in a mix.

  • Oak leaf red 'Red Salad Bowl': Lactuca sativa var. Acephala has oak-leaf-shaped, red leaves that are very tender. It has a nutty taste.
  • Oak leaf green 'Green Salad Bowl': As before, only with light green leaves.
  • Lollo bionda (also Lollo bianco in German-speaking countries) or Lollo green: it also has green leaves and is strongly curled and forms a dense rosette.
  • Lollo rossa (also Lollo rosso in German-speaking countries) or Lollo red: green to red leaves.
  • Winter lattughino : lettuce ( binding salad ) with medium green leaves turning red

Baby leaf

The baby leaf salads are similar types of salad as the typical cut salad. For this group of varieties, however, further selection was made in order to achieve more durable varieties with greater disease resistance to downy mildew and with firmer leaves for a longer shelf life. These "salads" also include other types of vegetables that can also be grown like cut salads. These are z. E.g. ice lettuce red and green leaved, endive types, spinach green and red leaved, sorrel green and red leaved, stalked chard, beetroot etc.

Misticanza

Misticanza is an Italian mix of varieties and species, also known as Mesclun in France . The traditional mix of salads and chicory is already mixed and sown on the bed and is harvested like lettuce. The mix variations are diverse. In Italy, mixtures are only offered with types and varieties of chicory, those with salads and chicory or only with salads or with herbs such as rocket. In the following typical mixtures with salads and chicories (in weight% seeds):

  • Endive Type de Maux (20%), Green Salad Bowl (12.5%), Red Salad Bowl (20%), Ruby Salad (10%), Grand Rapids Salad (Strubelpeter) (12.5%), Yellow chicory from Trieste (12.5%) and Chicory Spadona (12.5%).
  • Ice lettuce red (20%), endive type de Maux (20%), chicory Catalogna (20%), chicory yellow from Trieste (20%), red salad bowl (10%), lettuce ruby ​​(10%) and strubele %).
  • Endive Type de Maux (10%) Green Salad Bowl (10%), Hirschhorn salad Plantago coronopus (10%), lettuce Romana balloon di Bugival (20%), chicory Catalogna foglia frastagl. (10%), chicory Catalogna foglia stretta (20%), chicory yellow from Trieste (10%), chicory red from Verona (10%), chicory a foglie selvatica da campo (10%).

Oriental greens

Oriental greens are also called Japanese greens, baby greens and Asia salads. They are also included in the umbrella term cut salads. Most of them, however , are types of cabbage ( Brassicaceae ) such as: Pak Choi , Tatsoi , Mizuna Early, Brown Mustard , Green Misome or Rape and some types of chrysanthemum, which are not so popular with us because of their strange taste.

Origin and meaning

  • Salad: Traditionally, the Salad variety group was grown a lot in Italy. Today, thanks to the ready-made salads available in bags, they are distributed throughout Europe. The main producers are the USA and in Europe Great Britain, France and Italy. Great Britain was the leader in cultivation in Europe in 2004. There is now also significant cultivation in all European countries.
  • Misticanza is mainly grown in Italy and has spread to neighboring countries due to the increased consumption of ready-made salads.
  • Oriental Greens: They originally come from Asian cuisine, especially Southeast Asia and China.

Cultivation and harvest

Cut salads, baby leaf, Misticanza and oriental greens are sown in rows in sets. The individual sets (cultivation dates) are selected in such a way that the individual species and varieties are still ready to be cut at a certain harvest date. The sowing rates are very different. In the home garden, the leaves can also be harvested gradually from the outside in. For these salads there have only been guidelines for fertilization for a few years. Professionally, when the leaves are 10-12 cm long, they are harvested with a cut about 2–3 cm above the ground. So-called self-propelled baby leaf harvesters are used for this. Then a second cut may also be possible. The cut salads, also known as mixed salads on sale, are packed and stored in foil bags under a controlled atmosphere (little oxygen) for better shelf life.

use

In the kitchen, lettuce such as lettuce is freshly prepared as a salad with various dressings and herbs . Oriental greens, on the other hand, like in Asia, are cooked briefly in the pan for the wok.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Aid infodienst eV : Keyword food. 3. Edition. 2010, ISBN 978-3-8308-0935-7 .
  2. ↑ GJJ Clarkson include: Identifying traits to improve postharvest processability in baby leaf salad. In: Postharvest Biology and Technology. Vol. 30 no. 3, 2003, pp. 287-298.
  3. ↑ G. Kuepper include: Specialty Lettuce & Greens: Organic Production. ATTRA - www.attra.ncat.org, 2002.
  4. ↑ O. Martin: Some thougts on Salad mix. In: News & Notes of the UCSC Farm & Garden. Issue 106, Summer 2005.
  5. ^ JJ Famularo: A Cook's Tour of Italy: More Than 300 Authentic Receipes from the Regions of Italy. 2003, ISBN 1-55788-418-8 , p. 248.
  6. ^ Sächsische Landesanstalt für Landwirtschaft: Little known types of vegetables, origin - history - use - culture. 2005, pp. 4 + 5.
  7. ↑ S. Nicola et al.: Fresh-Cut Produce: Postharvest Critical Issues. In: IV International Conference on Managing Quality in Chains - The Integrated View on Fruits and Vegetables Quality. (= ISHS Acta Horticulturae. No. 712). 2006, ISBN 90-6605-579-0 , pp. 223-230.
  8. ↑ C. Feller, M. Fink: Nmin Target Values ​​for Field Vegetables. In: Workshop Towards and Ecologically Sound Fertilization in Field Vegetable Production. (= ISHS Acta Hort. No. 571). 2002, pp. 195-201.
  9. ↑ LL Ingram: Baby greens harvester. Patent number: 5799474.1996.
  10. ^ BPF Day: Modified Atmosphere Pagaging of Fresh Fruit and Vegetables - an Overview. In: International Conference on Postharvest Science. (= ISHS Acta Horticulturae. No. 553). 2001, pp. 585-590.
  11. ^ R. Heiss, K. Eichner: Technology - Food Science. 2002, ISBN 3-540-43137-3 , p. 342.