Tenant flow

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

As tenant current (also Quartier current or more generally direct current ) is called stream which is produced in the immediate spatial vicinity of the collector and not routed through the public networks. For example , it can be offered to tenants of apartments or commercial space, but also to apartment owners' associations . Tenant electricity is usually generated with photovoltaic or combined heat and power systems such as combined heat and power plants; but it can also z. B. wind power or bioenergy plants are used.

Photovoltaic tenant electricity has been subsidized directly since 2017 through the tenant electricity surcharge, which is linked to the current feed-in tariffs. This funding model has so far proven to be unsuccessful.

Current regulations on tenant electricity

Cross-system regulations

Thanks to the direct supply of electricity, there are no network usage fees , concession fees and electricity taxes for tenant electricity projects . In contrast, the full EEG surcharge applies to consumers. While the producer and consumer must be identical for the self-electricity privilege (which entails at least a reduction in the EEG surcharge), according to the current understanding of the tenant electricity model, electricity is supplied from the electricity producer to the end consumer. Even in the case of a (tenant electricity) producer group (which, for example, are the final tenants at the same time), an identity only exists if the electricity is used, for example, for common hall lighting or an office of the community. The individual members of a producer group are therefore not identical to the community as such.

Combined heat and power plants

Combined heat and power (CHP) is z. B. used in the form of combined heat and power units. Operators of CHP plants for the direct supply of electricity to third parties receive a surcharge according to the Combined Heat and Power Act , which is graded according to the size of the plant: 4 ct / kWh up to 50 kW output, 3 ct / kWh up to 100 kW output (up to here identical to the surcharges for self-consumption (up to 100 kW) and exactly half of the remuneration for a grid feed), 2 ct / kWh up to 250 kW output and 1.5 ct / kWh up to 1000 kW output.

Tenant electricity surcharge for photovoltaic systems

Since July 2017, a tenant electricity surcharge has been anchored in the Renewable Energy Sources Act for photovoltaic systems , which in the latest regulation amounts to the current feed-in tariff minus 8 ct / kWh for a power of more than 40 kW and below minus 8.5 ct / kWh. The subsidy decreases proportionally (but more in percentage terms) to the degression of the feed-in tariff and amounts to 1.49 ct / kWh for an exemplary system with 30 kW output in January 2020. It also follows that the funding will automatically expire around 2021 due to the further reduction in the feed-in tariff. PV systems with an output of over 100 kW do not receive a tenant electricity surcharge, as no feed-in tariff is paid for this either (there is a direct marketing obligation). The subsidy rate that applies to the installation of a system is valid - as in other areas of the EEG - for 20 years. The amount of installed capacity subsidized by the tenant electricity surcharge is capped at +500 MW per year. The electricity price for consumers may not exceed 90% of the basic tariff.

Balance sheet and evaluation of the tenant electricity surcharge

The establishment of tenant electricity envisaged with the 2017 amendment to the law has not yet been achieved. About two years after the introduction of the tenant electricity surcharge, the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy prepared a tenant electricity report in which the developments to date are evaluated. In total, 677 PV power systems for tenants with a total output of 13.9 MW (including +5.3 MW in the only full year 2018 considered so far) were installed. This means that the annual 500 MW cap has by far not been used.

An examination of the profitability of tenant electricity projects in the BMWi's report comes to the conclusion that the amount of funding is insufficient. The return is very different depending on the size of the facility, the number of apartments and the participation rate of the tenants. In principle, a complete grid feed-in with remuneration is currently more economical.

Criticism and reform proposals

Funding regime

In many cases, direct electricity supplies (tenant electricity models) must be equated with self-consumption. In order to achieve this, in addition to an increase in the tenant electricity surcharge, the promotion of tenant electricity by means of a tax privilege - e.g. exemption from the EEG surcharge - is required. In future, subsidies for direct electricity deliveries should also include commercial tenants for whom there is currently no direct subsidy at all.

Administrative hurdles

With the current tenant electricity regulation, the electricity producers must register a business, conclude electricity supply contracts with the tenants and framework agreements with the network operators and energy suppliers. The owners' association Haus & Grund proposes an electricity cost ordinance through which private apartment landlords could bill self-generated electricity via the heating bill. A way out of this administrative hurdle could also be a supply chain model in which an energy service provider takes over the supply of electricity to tenants. In the opinion of the Federal Network Agency, however, this is not permitted.

In the case of apartment owners' associations, the implementation of a tenant electricity project - in this case the installation of a PV system - must receive the approval of Eigentümer the owner, since according to the BGB it is a modernization measure. This could turn out to be a complex process. A special regulation should therefore be created for PV systems and, in addition, solar energy should be classified as an integral part of the building to be considered in planning.

Historical development of the legal situation and the political discussion

Incentives to implement tenant electricity models already existed from 2009 to 2012 with self-generated electricity subsidies, which also subsidized electricity deliveries to third parties in the vicinity, and then until 2014 with the “solar green electricity privilege”, which increases the EEG surcharge for consumers for direct electricity deliveries by 2 ct / kWh decreased. After its abolition, tenant electricity models were no longer economically attractive.

In the period after that, the EEG surcharge for tenant electricity projects remained the subject of discussion. In statements and political talks, the umbrella association of German property managers called for the elimination of what was, in the opinion of the umbrella association, unconstitutional discrimination, since owner-occupiers were excluded from the reduced EEG surcharge for self-generated electricity from renewable energies, from which households in single-family houses benefit .

On July 8, 2016, the Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG) was amended. The Ministry of Economic Affairs was authorized to reduce the EEG surcharge for tenant electricity by ordinance . It was considered that the EEG surcharge for small tenant electricity systems with a capacity of up to 10 kW should not apply, just like for single-family houses, and that for larger systems 40% instead of 100% of the EEG surcharge of currently 6 cents / kWh should be incurred. Such a regulation should come into force in early 2017. In a study carried out on behalf of the Federal Ministry of Economics and published in January 2017, however, direct funding was recommended. In fact, in the first quarter of 2017, preparations were made for the final amendment to the EEG, which provides for direct, application-based funding for tenant electricity, but which is also charged with the full EEG surcharge.

Security of supply

The security of supply is not affected by the use of tenant electricity. If additional electricity is required, it can be obtained from the public grid. Conversely, excess electricity from the tenant electricity system can be fed into the public network at the terms of the EEG. As an alternative to feeding into the public grid, battery storage systems can be used.

Operator models

As a rule, housing construction companies or their cooperation partners offer tenant electricity models. The systems can also be operated by municipal utilities , energy supply companies (EVUs) or energy cooperatives . There are lease and concession models . In addition, tenants can join forces and set up a tenant electricity cooperative.

Housing companies are exempt from trade tax on their rental income , but risk this tax privilege through the production and trading of electricity . That is why service providers are often commissioned to handle tenant electricity models.

literature

  • Working group for economical and environmentally friendly energy consumption e. V. (ASUE) (Ed.): Guide to tenant electricity models with CHP. , 2018, ( PDF ).
  • Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi) (Ed.): Tenant electricity report according to Section 99 Renewable Energy Sources Act 2017. 2019, ( PDF; 677 kB ).
  • Iris Behr, Marc Großklos (Hrsg.): Practical handbook tenant current. Facts, arguments and strategies. Springer Vieweg, Wiesbaden 2017, ISBN 978-3-658-17539-9 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ tenant power , solar Server - The Internet portal to solar energy
  2. ↑ a b c From the roof to the socket , by Ralph Diermann, Süddeutsche Zeitung, March 17, 2016
  3. ↑ MieterStrom - energy directly from the producer , urban energy
  4. ↑ a b c Mieterstrom , RP-Energie-Lexikon
  5. ↑ a b Ines Rutschmann: How you as a tenant benefit from cheap solar power
  6. ↑ Scientific services of the German Bundestag (ed.): Own electricity privilege and tenant electricity model for energy producer associations (PDF)
  7. ↑ ASUE (ed.): Guide tenant current models with CHP. , 2018, p. 30
  8. ↑ BMWi (Ed.): Tenant electricity report according to § 99 Renewable Energy Sources Act 2017 , 2019, p. 7
  9. ↑ BMWi (ed.): Tenant electricity report according to § 99 Renewable Energy Sources Act 2017 , 2019, p. 13 f.
  10. ^ BMWi (ed.): Tenant electricity report according to § 99 Renewable Energy Sources Act 2017 , 2019, p. 5
  11. ^ Joseph Bergner et al .: Obstacles and hurdles for photovoltaics. (PDF), Berlin 2020, pp. 12 and 31
  12. ^ Joseph Bergner et al .: Obstacles and hurdles for photovoltaics. (PDF), Berlin 2020, p. 22
  13. ^ The EEG amendment is through - advantages for landlords , Haufe, July 8, 2016
  14. ↑ BMWi (ed.): Tenant electricity report according to § 99 Renewable Energy Sources Act 2017 , 2019, p. 19
  15. ^ Joseph Bergner et al .: Obstacles and hurdles for photovoltaics. (PDF), Berlin 2020, pp. 35 and 54
  16. ↑ Leo Krampe, Marco Wünsch: Mieterstrom: Legal classification, organizational forms, potentials and profitability of tenant electricity models (MSM). Berlin 2017, p. 5 ( PDF )
  17. ↑ Copyright Haufe-Lexware GmbH & Co. KG - all rights reserved: Self-contained power supply for owner communities . In: Haufe.de news and specialist knowledge . ( haufe.de [accessed on November 21, 2018]).
  18. ↑ The decentralized energy system lacks an overall political concept , by Eva Augsten, Heise online, July 8, 2016
  19. ↑ Tenant electricity is the new feed-in tariff , enbausa, May 3, 2016
  20. ^ Under high tension , by Dagmar Dehmer, Der Tagesspiegel, July 7, 2016
  21. ↑ Green light for tenant electricity - DMB, GdW and vzbv welcome changes to the Renewable Energy Sources Act , July 7, 2016
  22. ↑ I don't think much of tenders , Verena Kern in an interview with Josef Göppel , klimaretter.info, July 8, 2016
  23. ^ EEG reform: Small improvements for citizens ' energy, energiezukunft, 8 July 2016
  24. ↑ EEG: Tenants should benefit from the new green electricity law , Spiegel online, July 5, 2016
  25. ↑ Leo Krampe, Marco Wünsch: Mieterstrom: Legal classification, organizational forms, potentials and profitability of tenant electricity models (MSM). Berlin 2017, p. 94 f. ( PDF )
  26. ^ Heidelberg Mieterstrom , City of Heidelberg
  27. ↑ Opportunities for the housing industry to start generating and marketing electrical energy , Institut Wohnen und Umwelt (IWU), December 11, 2015 (PDF, 10 MB)
  28. ↑ Energy transition without tenants , klimaretter.info, May 26, 2016
  29. ↑ Not only for home owners , by Susanne Ehlerding, Der Tagesspiegel, January 25, 2016