Moriori

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The Moriori were a people of Polynesian origin who settled on the New Zealand Chatham Islands from around 1500 and lived there largely undisturbed until the beginning of the 19th century. In 1835, the two Māori tribes, the Ngāti Mutunga and the Ngāti Tama, invaded their tribal area from the North Island of New Zealand. Over 200 Moriori were killed and the survivors enslaved. The tribe as such is now considered extinct.

In the 2006 census, 942 New Zealand residents said they were descendants of the Moriori . The mentions were spread over the entire country, but the Canterbury region with 192 and the Auckland region with 132 focal points.

Moriori tree carving, Chathamine islands (1900)

ancestry

It was originally believed that the Moriori were a Melanesian people. Scientific research into the ancestry of the Moriori began around 1894. The first scholar to deal with this question was Dr. John H. Scott , on the basis of 38 people on whom he carried out his first research. Scott assumed that Māori and Moriori basically descended from the Polynesians, but had Melanesian influences of varying strengths depending on the Iwi . As a result, some scientists dealt with the question of ancestry. But the number of Moriori who were not intermarried was falling steadily and rapidly. Tame Horomona Rehe , the last Moriori , died on March 19, 1933. This made it increasingly difficult for scientists to research living examples. Today anthropologists assume that the Moriori are of purely Polynesian descent and, depending on the interpretation, settled on the Chatham Islands between the 9th and 16th centuries . Usually, however, around 1500 is given as the time of settlement. Due to the isolated location of the archipelago, an independent language and culture developed among the Moriori , so that they can be seen as an independent people that can be distinguished from the Māori .

Origin of name

The spelling of the name of the Moriori is very different and ranges from Mōriori to Mooriori , Mouriuri , Maioriori , Maoriori to the now common English form Moriori , with the first "o" pronounced long. There is no reliable knowledge about the origin of the name and its various forms. It is believed that when the first Māori came over to the islands or the first Europeans entered the Chathams , the Moriori named themselves so. They did not do this to identify themselves as a certain race, because from their point of view there were only names for their tribes, but to document the opposite that they were a different tribe. According to the Dictionary of the Maori Language of Herbert W. Williams , the word Māori with ordinary people of a place (ordinary people of a place) translated. The derivatives of it were used as a name for the inhabitants of the Chatham Islands only after the arrival of the Europeans.

External influences and repression

The Moriori probably had their first contact with Europeans on November 29, 1791. On that day, Lieutenant William Robert Broughton and the Chatham anchored off Rēkohu , the main island of the archipelago. When trying to enter into a barter with the Moriori , misunderstandings arose and, as a result, fighting resulted in one of the Moriori being killed. After Broughton's departure , the tribes decided to treat strangers benevolently in the future and to resolve conflicts peacefully. (Nunuku's Law), a decision that would later prove their undoing. Before the Chatham's departure , William Broughton struck the British flag , named his ship on the main island, and claimed the land for King George III .

At the beginning of 1800, some whalers and seal hunters had already settled on the Chatham Islands and around 1827 and in the following years, larger quantities of pork are said to have been transported from the Chatham Islands to New Zealand. A good 35 years after Broughton's landing, the Moriori came into contact with six shipwrecked brig Glory , which wrecked and sank off Pitt Island on January 15, 1827 . It is believed that the six survivors were able to sail back to New Zealand in a Moriori canoe and eventually make it safely to the Bay of Islands .

On November 17, 1835, Captain John Harewood came to the Chatham Islands with the Lord Rodney , accompanied by around 500  Māori of the Ngāti Mutunga and Ngāti Tama tribes . Other sources speak of 900 occupiers who came to the islands in two transports. The Māori , weakened by the strenuous three-day crossing, were welcomed hospitably. However, in later conflicts, the warlike Māori attacked, killed over 200  Moriori and enslaved the survivors. On July 5, 1866, the Chatham Islands were converted into a penal colony , in which the Māori captured as part of the military crackdown on the religious movement Pai Mārire were imprisoned. Among them was Te Kooti , who two years later, on July 4, 1868, escaped with 300 followers by means of the captured schooner Rifleman .

Rhys Richards went to his publication in 1972 assuming that 1791 nor 2000  Moriori on the islands of Chatham Islands must have lived, whereas in 1862 the Moriori Council of the 101 surviving Moriori a list of names of 1,663  Moriori created that shortly before the invasion by Māori lived on the islands in 1835. The decline in the population from 1791 to 1835 was due to the diseases brought in by Europeans, from which many died. The loss of over 1,500 residents from 1835 to 1862 was due to the killing, enslavement and deportation by the Māori, who invaded New Zealand's North Island. The last Moriori died on March 19, 1933. Tame Horomona Rehe had achieved a certain prominence through the fact that he was the last survivor of his tribe.

Waitangi Tribunal

In the 1990s, the descendants of started Moriori on, multiplies in the public as The First Chatham Islanders (the first Chatham -Inselbewohner) display, carrying their demands on the Chatham Islands for the first time May 9, 1994 the Waitangi Tribunal before that to held for the first hearing at Waitangi Hall in the Chatham Islands . Since then there have been 14 hearings with the result of an initial report, which was drawn up on May 25, 2001.

The report made it clear that the enslavement of the Moriori in 1835 continued for over 20 years after the annexation of the islands by the British Crown in 1842, and that the Crown violated the Slavery Abolition Act of 1833 and the human rights standards of that time . It was also found that land compensation was insufficient and at unjust prices. It was assumed that at least half of the land should have been returned. Negotiations on this began in 2004.

present

Education Minister Anne Tolley presented eight new School Journals in March 2011 , in which the history and culture of the Moriori were re-presented. She put these books with a symbolic act in Kopinga Marae on the Chatham Islands before and noted that " for the first time the Moriori an authentic voice in the School Journal would have ."

169 years after the Chatham Islands were taken over, the prejudices against the origin, culture and character of the Moriori , who were often portrayed as primitive, lazy and insidious indigenous people, were officially countered.

See also

literature

  • Michael King : Moriori: a People Rediscovered . Penguin Books (NZ), Auckland 2000, ISBN 0-14-010391-0 (English, revised version of the book from 1989).
  • Ross Clark : Moriori and Maori: The Linguistic Evidence . In: Douglas G. Sutton (Ed.): The Origins of the First New Zealanders . Auckland University Press, Auckland 1994, ISBN 1-86940-098-4 , pp. 123-135 (English).
  • Harry Lionel Shapiro : The physical anthropology of the Maori-Moriori . In: The University of Auckland (Ed.): The Journal of the Polynesian Society . Volume 49, No. 193. Auckland 1940, p. 1–16 (English, online [accessed July 3, 2011]).
  • Rhys Richards : A tentative population distribution map of the Morioris of Chatham Island, circa 1790 . In: The University of Auckland (Ed.): Journal of the Polynesian Society . Volume 81, No. 3. Auckland 1972, p. 350-374 (English).

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Atholl John Anderson : Origins, Settlement and Society of Pre-European South Polynesia . In: Giselle Byrnes (Ed.): The New Oxford History of New Zealand . Part One - People, Land and Sea. Oxford University Press, Melbourne 2009, ISBN 978-0-19-558471-4 , pp.  27 (English).
  2. ^ Alison Drench : Essential Dates - A Timeline of New Zealand History . Random House, Auckland 2005, ISBN 1-86941-689-9 , pp.  46-47 (English).
  3. ^ A b c Denise Davis, Māui Solomon : The impact of new arrivals . Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand , accessed July 3, 2011 .
  4. ^ Iwi by Regional Council for the Māori Descent Population . ( Microsoft Excel ) Statistics New Zealand , archived from the original on June 10, 2011 ; accessed on May 2, 2019 (English, Table 33 within the Excel file).
  5. ^ A b Denise Davis, Māui Solomon : Origins of the Moriori people . Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand , accessed July 3, 2011 .
  6. ^ Harry Lionel Shapiro : The physical anthropology of the Maori-Moriori . In: University of Auckland (Ed.): Journal of the Polynesian Society . Volume 49, No. 193. Auckland 1940, p.  2–3 (English).
  7. ↑ a b Michael King : Solomon, Tommy . In: Dictionary of New Zealand Biography . Ministry for Culture & Heritage , September 1, 2010, accessed July 3, 2011 .
  8. ↑ Michael King : Moriori: a People Rediscovered . Penguin Books (NZ), Auckland 2000, ISBN 0-14-010391-0 , pp.  21-28 (English).
  9. ↑ Simon Ager : Moriori (Te Rē Mōriori) . Omniglot (Simon Ager) , accessed July 3, 2011 .
  10. ^ Elsdon Best : The Land of Tara and they who settled it . Wellington City Libraries , accessed July 3, 2011 .
  11. ^ Herbert W. Williams : Dictionary of the Maori Language . Ed .: Government. 7th edition. Wellington 1971, p.  179 (English).
  12. ↑ Moriori . In: Harry Orsman (Ed.): Journal of the Polynesian Society . Oxford University Press, Auckland 1997 (English).
  13. ^ Alison Drench : Essential Dates - A Timeline of New Zealand History . Random House, Auckland 2005, ISBN 1-86941-689-9 , pp.  22 (English).
  14. ^ A b Rhys Richards : A tentative population distribution map of the Morioris of Chatham Island, circa 1790 . In: University of Auckland (Ed.): Journal of the Polynesian Society . Volume 81, No. 3. Auckland 1972, p.  357 (English).
  15. ^ Alison Drench : Essential Dates - A Timeline of New Zealand History . Random House, Auckland 2005, ISBN 1-86941-689-9 , pp. 41 (English).
  16. ^ Alison Drench : Essential Dates - A Timeline of New Zealand History . Random House, Auckland 2005, ISBN 1-86941-689-9 , pp.  46-47 (English).
  17. ^ Alison Drench : Essential Dates - A Timeline of New Zealand History . Random House, Auckland 2005, ISBN 1-86941-689-9 , pp.  95, 97 (English).
  18. ^ George Edward Gray : Genealogy of the Chatham Islands . Auckland 1862 (English, manuscript No. 144 in the Auckland Public Library).
  19. ^ Jacinta Blank : Imagining Moriori - A history of ideas of a people in the twentieth century . Ed .: University of Canterbury. Christchurch 2007 (English, thesis for Master of Arts in History).
  20. ↑ werkohu: A Report on Moriori and Ngati Mutunga Claims in the Chatham Islands . Waitangi Tribunal , archived from the original on May 14, 2011 ; accessed on May 2, 2019 (English, original website no longer available).
  21. ↑ Summary . In: Waitangi Tribunal (ed.): Rekohu: A Report on Moriori and Ngati Mutunga Claims in the Chatham Islands . Chapter One. Wellington 2001, p.  4-7 (English).
  22. ^ Anne Tolley : School Journals tell Moriori history . New Zealand Government , March 10, 2011, accessed July 5, 2011 .
  23. ^ Paul Harper : School Journals to teach history of Moriori for first time . New Zealand Herald - Online Edition , March 10, 2011, accessed July 5, 2011 .
  24. ^ Peter Clayworth : The Development of the Idea of ​​the 'Moriori Myth' . Ed .: University of Otago. Dunedin 2001, p.  267 (English, doctoral thesis for Doctor of Philosophy in History).