Myron (anointing oil)

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Chrismarium: Alabastron with Myron in the Patriarchate of the Moscow Kremlin
Myron cauldron of the Armenian Catholic Echmiadzin ; 1895

Myron (from ancient Greek μύρον "fragrant oil") is - like its analogue in the Western Church , the chrism - an olive oil enriched with fragrant herbs . It is used in the Orthodox , the Oriental Orthodox (with the exception of the Assyrian ) and the Catholic Eastern Churches as the highest-ranking liturgical anointing oil .

use

Byzantine Chrismation (Confirmation) after Baptism (2013)

Myron is used in various sacramental acts, especially in confirmation ("Chrismation") after baptism and in the consecration of the altar , in late Byzantine times also in the coronation of emperors and derived from this in the anointing of a Russian tsar .

The number of fragrances added to olive oil increases in history: Moses Bar-Kepha (9th century) only mentions olive and balsam oil, Gregorius Bar-Hebraeus (13th century) increases the number according to Ex 30, 23-31. The order of the Ecumenical Patriarchate knows about 60 spices to be added.

Myron consecration

Armenian consecration of myron in Antelias

Originally it was prepared every year on Maundy Thursday , in modern times, because of the complex production with sometimes rare spices, at intervals of many years. The Myron is initially prepared by the local bishop, later by the head of the individual autocephalous churches (usually a patriarch , metropolitan or archbishop ), assisted by other bishops, in the course of ceremonies and, usually on Maundy Thursday, in the service with invocation of the saint Consecrated in spirit. St. Myron is then assigned to the various parishes and monasteries.

The consecration of Myron has long been reserved for the patriarchs (the Armenians, the Katholikoi ). It is considered the prerogative of autocephalous churches, insofar as they are granted by the patriarchate. The " Church of Greece " continues to obtain St. Myron from the Ecumenical Patriarchate in Constantinople to testify to its historical connection with this venerable patriarchate. The same was prescribed for the Polish Orthodox Church as well as the Orthodox Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia when autocephaly was obtained and has been agreed for the Orthodox Church of Ukraine . The Church of Cyprus, which has been autocephalous since ancient times, holds a similar position in recent times . The Orthodox Church in America (OCA), on the other hand, illustrates its claimed autocephaly with its own consecration of myron.

In the Orthodox churches, the glass or metal vessel that contains the myron is called alabastron . The name is derived from a slim bottle without a foot or handle that was used in antiquity as well as in early Christian times.

literature

  • Friedrich Heyer : The consecration of Myron in the Orthodox Church . In: Heinrich Riehm (ed.): Joy in worship . Festschrift for Frieder Schulz. Heidelberg 1988, 405-411;
  • Miguel Arranz: La consécration du saint myron (Les sacrements de l'ancien Euchologe constantinopolitain 10). In: Orientalia Christiana Periodica. Vol. 55, 1989, ISSN  0030-5375 , pp. 167-178. 317-338;
  • Paulos Menebisoglou: Tὸ ἅγιον μύρον ἐν τῇ ̓Oρϑοδόξῳ ̓Aνατολικῇ ̓Eκκλησίᾳ. Thessalonike 1972 (with texts from the modern version of the Ecumenical Patriarchate);
  • ders .: Μελετήματα περὶ ἁγίου Mύρου. Athens 1999, 301 pp. ISBN 960-91204-0-7 .
  • Alexandra Nikiforova: The Liturgy of Chrism in the Near East: A New Evidence from Sinai (Sin. Gr. NF / E 55) , lecture 2016 .
  • Viktoria Panteri: Ο Καθαγιασμός του 'Αγιου Μύρου στα Πρεσβυγενή Πατριαρχεία της Ανατολής. Εκδότης: ΓΡΗΓΟΡΗ, Athens 2017. ISBN 978-960-612-036-7 .
  • Alexandra Nikiforova: The Consecration of Holy Myron in the Near East: A Reconstruction Attempt of the Greek-Melkite Rite (with the Edition of Sinai Greek NF / E 55 + Fragment E sine numero, AD 1156) . In: Orientalia Christiana Periodica 85 (2019) 167--216.
  • Przemysław Nowakowski: Rito della Preparazione e Consacrazione del Santo Myron nella tradizione slava Orientale . Excerpta ex Dissertatione ad Doctoratum, Romae: Pontificium Institutum Orientale. 1997 (partial print);
  • ders .: La formation du rite du saint myron dans la tradition liturgique slave de Kiev , in: Braga, Carlo [Publ.], Chrismation et confirmation: questions autour d'un rite post-baptismal . Conférences Saint-Serge, LIVe Semaine d'Études Liturgiques, Paris, 25-28 June 2007. CLV Roma 2009, 219-238.
  • Alexios von Maltzew: Funeral rite and some special and ancient services of the Orthodox Catholic Church of the Orient. Part 2. Siegismund, Berlin 1898, pp. 89–114 (Moscow text of Myron consecration with German translation).
  • Erich Renhart: The Holy Myron. The ingredients according to ancient Greek and Armenian tradition . In: Work and research report from the Institute for Liturgical Science, Christian Art and Hymnology at the Karl-Franzens University Graz . Edited by Erich Renhart. Graz 1999, 69-80.
  • Baby Varghese: Studies in the West Syrian Liturgy of the Consecration of Holy Myron . In: The Harp 6 (1993) 65-80.
  • The Consecration of Holy Myron, according to the Rite of the Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch . Damascus 2015
  • Otto FA Meinardus: About the Coction and Consecration of the Holy Myron in The Coptic Church . In: Coptic Church Review 12, 3 (1991) 78-86.
  • Youhanna N. Youssef / Ugo Zanetti: La consécration du Myron par Gabriel IV 86e Patriarche d'Alexandrie en 1374 AD [The consecration of Myron by the Coptic Patriarch Gabriel IV (1374)] (Jerusalem Theological Forum 20). Aschendorff, Münster 2014, ISBN 978-3-402-11027-0 .
  • Youhanna N. Youssef - Sameh F. Soliman: The Rite of Consecration of the Myron (Publications de la Société d'Archéologie Copte. Textes et Documents 18). Le Caire 2017.
  • Emmanuel Fritsch: Mēron et chrismation dans la liturgie éthiopienne moderne . In: Chrismation et confirmation. Questions autour d'un rite post-baptismal, LIVe Semaine d'Etudes Liturgiques Paris, 25-28 June 2007 . CLV, Roma 2009, 253-263.
  • Tinatin Chronz - Daniel Kölligan - Heinzgerd Brakmann : The celebration of the consecration of Myron in the Armenian church. With a German translation and liturgical historical observations . In: Oriens Christianus 101 (2018 [2020]) 177-233.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ The handwritten transmission of the texts is therefore narrow. Some churches, according to the Maronites , have not printed their order until today.
  2. ↑ The Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate receives the Myron from Moscow.
  3. ↑ Video: The Consecration of Holy Chrism at St. Tikhon's Monastery.
  4. ↑ online