Naga National Council
The Naga National Council was a nationalist political party founded in 1946 in the northeastern Indian state of Assam , which demanded independence for the various groups of the Naga people and therefore, after Indian independence, took up arms in 1952. Angami Zapu Phizo (1904–1990) was the undisputed leader .
history
The council initially consisted of 29 representatives from the individual tribes, which had only developed a “Pan-Naga” national feeling since the First World War . First, Aliba Imtie and Theyieu Sakrhie (murdered January 1956) reached an agreement with the governor of Assam , Sir Akbar Hydari , which secured nine points of autonomy for the Nagas, just before independence . When this was broken, an independent Nagaland was declared on August 14, 1947. The first armed organization emerged to fight against the economic disadvantage of Assam, especially in the Naga Hills region, decided by the central government . Since 1956 the movement was also called Naga Federal Government (NFG).
Under the authority of Nari Rustomji, an adviser to the governor of Assam, the government forces acted with special powers and with extreme brutality in the 1950s. The creation of a separate federal state of Nagaland on December 1, 1963 was not enough for the guerrillas, a "Greater Nagaland" ( Nagalim ) should be established. Nonetheless, after 1964 there were repeated ceasefire agreements. Her chairman, Angami Zapu Phizo, steered her from exile in Bromley ( Kent ), England, since 1958 , where he died in 1990. His body was transferred to his home village of Khonoma, where the funeral took place with great public sympathy.
Financed and armed the group was from Pakistan (1962-66) and as of April 1967, by China , after the chief diplomat Thuengaling Muviah after four months of march with 300 men through the Burmese jungle in Beijing by Zhou Enlai was received. Commander-in-Chief was Kaito Sukhai from 1953-63, who was succeeded by Mowu Angami after differences with Phizo. Kaito did not want to participate in the swing towards China and staged a coup in July 1967, whereby he managed to bloodlessly bring the war chest with Rs 110,000 , all 26 radios and a large part of the arsenal under his control. For the Phizo faction, supplies and training in China became all the more important. Kaito's brother Kukhato Sukhai, who stayed on Phizos' side, was negotiating with the central government for the NFG. In October the parliament ( Tatar Hoho ) tried to mediate between the groups, but in the end the Phizo group managed to gain control of the organization. Foreign Minister Isaak Swu was also replaced. Fierce fighting ensued between the two factions.
In June 1968 there were 200 dead when the Indian army stormed the NFG camp near Jotsoma . After Kaito Sema was assassinated, the Semas tribe withdrew from the organization. Together with the Kukhato faction, they formed the Revolutionary Government of Nagaland, which soon gave up the armed struggle.
The 600 Phizo fighters under General Mwu who returned from China in July 1969 were attacked by the Burmese army, and around 300 reached Nagaland. Mwu was captured by the Indian army with 162 men in an RNG camp, probably after treason. A smaller, second squad under Isaak Swu was also heavily decimated in Burma, but managed to escape to Manipur with around 100 men .
The Baptist Church tried again and again to mediate, it was close to the Nagas. During the emergency in the 1970s, Indira Gandhi harshly rejected all demands for autonomy in a personal conversation after a three-person commission, including Jayaprakash Narayan , had tried for years to find a balance. In the military offensive that followed, the organization was cornered and began negotiations that ended in the 1975 Shillong Accords . The NNC negotiator was Kevi Yalley, Phizos' younger brother.
After the signing, the National Socialist Council of Nagaland was formed, from which the more radical National Socialist Council of Nagaland (Isak / Muviah) (NSCN (I / M)) split off and soon drove the NNC from its most important positions. Under the leadership of Vizol Angami, the peace-ready UDF was formed in 1976, which was involved in a short-lived state government after the first elections in which it participated.
After Phizos's death, his daughter Adinno and her brother Kevilevor (Kivo) Phizo (1939-2013) took over the management of the organization from London, from which the Naga National Council (Khodao) (NNC (K)) split off after a few years ( S 86-). The remnants of the NNC, severely weakened after several splinters, are still operating today. Another faction is the NNC (Panger).
literature
- A. Lanunungsang Ao: From Phizo to Muivah: The Naga National Question. New Delhi 2002.
- Hazarika, Sanjoy; Strangers of the Mist: Tales of War and Peace from India's Northeast. New Delhi u. a. 1994.
- M. Horam: Naga insurgency: the last thirty years. New Delhi 1988.
- International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (Ed.); The Naga nation and its struggle against genocide. Copenhagen 1986.
- Gordon P. Means: Cease-Fire Politics in Nagaland . In: Asian Survey. Vol. 11, No. 10, 1971, pp. 1005-1028.
- H. Srikanth, CJ Thomas: Naga Resistance Movement and the Peace Process in Northeast India. In: Peace and Democracy in South Asia. Vol. I, No. 2, 2005.
Individual evidence
- ↑ the underdeveloped region produced highly taxed tea and oil, but the taxes went to the federal government without a guarantee amount remaining. Hazarika (1994), pp. 64-80.
- ^ Assam Maintenance of Public Order (Autonomous Districts Act), 1953; Assam Disturbed Areas Act, 1955; especially far-reaching: Armed Forces (Assam, Manipur) Special Powers Act, 1958; Nagaland Security Regulations, 1962 etc.
- ↑ alternative spelling: Kughato
- ^ Gordon P. Means: Cease-Fire Politics in Nagaland . In: Asian Survey. Vol. 11, No. 10, 1971, p. 1110-.
- ↑ Assam Tribune. July 26, 1968.
- ^ Gordon P. Means: Cease-Fire Politics in Nagaland . In: Asian Survey. Vol. 11, No. 10, 1971, p. 1113.
- ^ Sanjoy Hazarika: Strangers of the Mist: Tales of War and Peace from India's Northeast. New Delhi u. a. 1994.