Separatist Organizations in Northeast India

Separatist organizations in northeast India are organizations and groups that have been fighting or have fought against the central government in New Delhi since independence in 1947 . Mostly it was a matter of creating sovereignty or self-administration for individual ethnic groups in this area, which is rich in peoples and is difficult to access. Ethnically, the tribes in northeast India are closer to Southeast Asia than India. A number of peoples live in the northeast region, which forms 8% of the land mass of India; 420 languages ​​are spoken.

State division of the region today

Supporters of their politics refer to them as liberation movements, while the government regularly refers to them as terrorists or bandits, although in some cases the transition should be quite fluid, as raids and extortions were often carried out to finance them. The groups are criminalized under the provisions of the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act . Some of the organizations are said to have received support from the PRC in the past. Muslim groups in particular have retreat areas in Bangladesh or have been sponsored by the Pakistani secret service ISI . In many cases, the movements are directed against foreign infiltration , which began as early as the 19th century with the establishment of tea plantations and the construction of railways in the sparsely populated area, especially by (illegal) immigrants from poor Bihar , Nepal and the heavily overpopulated Bangladesh Muslim residents are looking for new settlement areas.

Region z. At the time of the partition of Bengal (1909)

The affected area, to the north of today's Bangladesh, was known as the North-East Frontier Agency (NEFA) at the time of colonial rule (since 1826/32, finally after the 1879 campaign ) and is now part of the states of Arunachal Pradesh (AP), Assam (since 1961 reduced to about a third of its original size), Nagaland (formerly Naga Hills ), Meghalaya , Manipur , Tripura and Mizoram (since 1987, formerly Lushai Hills ). For decades the region was administratively subordinate to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and not to the Indian Ministry of the Interior.

While the Indian government tried, particularly in the years of the " Nehru Dynasty ", to master the liberation organizations through ruthless measures of violence and forced resettlements (from 1967 e.g. 60,000 Mizo in fortified villages), since 1988 there has been a willingness to compromise. Most of the larger organizations signed peace agreements that gave the peoples they represented local rights of self-government. Time and again, however, there were smaller groups who were not satisfied with what had been achieved and who continued the armed struggle. The number of organizations has therefore increased in the last 20 years, but their team strength was often so small that they were defeated by military means or capitulated, mostly against promises of amnesty. In 2009 only a few separatist organizations are still active. The frequent attacks and fights meant that until a few years ago the region was completely closed to foreigners and even today certain places can only be visited with special permits.

Government of India statistics for 1992–2001 place the blame for a total of 613 security forces killed on the following organizations: ULFA 269, NDFP 167, BLT 21, NSNC / DHD 143, and UPDS 13. Human rights organizations estimate that nearly 100,000 deaths in the first 30 alone Years of conflict with the Naga . In addition to these arbitrary killings, rape and torture by the security forces are well documented. The more compromise policy of the central government over the past 20 years has eased the situation and most guerrillas have laid down their arms. According to the South Asia Terrorism Portal , 104 rebel groups are active in north-east India, of which Delhi regards a maximum of twelve as a serious threat.

India reached agreements with its neighbors Bhutan, Burma and, since January 2010, with Bangladesh on joint action against the rebels. This is seen as a prerequisite for promoting cross-border trade in an economically weak region.

Organizations

• A'Chik Liberation Matgrik Army (ALMA) in Arunachal Pradesh. Approx. 500 fighters. Demanded a separate state for the Garo tribe . Surrendered in August 1994. Successor group: A'chik National Volunteers Council (ANVC), founded in 1995, with the aim of having their own Achik land in the Garo Hills.
• Adivasi Cobra Force (ACF). Founded on June 7th, 1996 after massive attacks on members of the Santal by Bodo , who have a long tradition of militancy in Assam. The ACF does not demand autonomy, but sees itself as a protective force for the attacked Adivasi . The leaders are Durga Minz, Kandu Murmu and Xabrias Khakha. Estimates of the manpower ranged from 100 to 350. In 2001 a ceasefire was signed with the state government, which is generally observed. Since 2005 there has been a plan to appear as a legitimate political party.
• All Adivasi National Liberation Army (AANLA), founded in 2006. Active in the Golaghat and Karbi Anglong districts of Assam. Chef David Tirkey aka Nirmal. Max. 100 ill-armed cadres.
• All Assam Adivasi Suraksha Samiti (AAASS)
• All Tripura Bengali Regiment (ATBR)
• All Tripura Bharat Suraksha Force (ATBSF)
• All Tripura Liberation Organization (ATLO)
• All Tripura National Force (ATNF)
• All Tripura Security Armed Force (ATSAF), short-lived group of former NLFT cadres.
• All Tripura Tiger Force (ATTF), founded as a spin-off from TNVF on July 11, 1990 with the aim of driving all Bengali out of the state. From 1992: Tripura Tiger Force, had about 1500 fighters at its height, today probably around 200. President: Ranjit Debbarma, Vice-President: Chitta Debbarma alias Bikash Koloi; Secretary General: Upendra Debbarma. The ATTF, alleged to have links to the CPI (M) , began again to attack Bengali immigrants after the TNVF made peace in 1988. However, it had no real separatist political program. The weapons were only used to reinforce demands for good jobs and land for the members. (S 125) Most of the fighters (approx. 1400) accepted an offer of amnesty in 1994. The remaining fighters became more active again from 1997. In 2003, 16 bases in Bangladesh were known. The following April peace negotiations began with the government. The Tripura Peoples' Democratic Front (TPDF) is considered to be the legitimate political wing . Affiliated Organizations: Tripura Tribal Youth Force (TTYF), Tripura Liberation Organization (TLO), Tripura Young Rifle (TYR), Tripura Lion Force (TLF) and Tripura National Army (TNA).
• All Tripura Volunteer Force (ATVF)
• All Tripura Volunteer Association (ATVA), short-lived group of former NLFT cadres.
• Arunachal Dragon Force (ADF)
• Aranchual People's Liberation Army, active in the Khonsa valleys in the 1990s, achieved little local importance.
• Babbar Khalsa International (BKI)
• Black Widow (BW), active in the North Cachar Hills district until summer 2009 , split from DHD in 2007. Boss: Jewel Garlossa arrested in June 2009. As of September 15, 2009, 384 members surrendered, around 120 of them with automatic weapons.
• Bodo Liberation Tiger Force (BLTF); 2,641 fighters surrendered on December 6, 2003 after seven years when the Bodoland Territorial Council (BTC) in Kokrajhar was given tasks of self-government the next day .
• Bodo Security Force (BdSF; from 1994: National Democratic Front of Bodoland ). Founded on Oct. 3, 1986, in 1995 it had about 400 gunmen. Led by Bijoy Boro (imprisoned since 2004); Ranjan Daimary alias DR Nabla; B. Sungthagra alias Dhiren Boro since 2008. The goal is an independent Bodoland north of the Brahmaputra . The alphabet of the Bodo language from Devanagari is also to be converted to Latin letters. Many Bodo had received training in unconventional warfare from the Indian Army's Special Security Bureau after 1962 and during the 1971 war. They could then pass on this knowledge. Cooperation with ULFA and the Burmese KIA . From May 27th to July 27th 1994 there were numerous attacks against non-Bodo with the aim of driving them out. There were around 100 dead and 60,000 refugees from Bodoland. Ceasefire since May 2005. Participation in parliamentary elections in 2008.
• Borok National Council (BNCT), the only group still active in Tripura in 2009. Founded in September 2000 by Jogendra aka Joshua Debbarma. The breakaway from the NLFT came about when there were disagreements between the Halam and Debbarma tribesmen in the NLFT. The group soon sank to insignificance. Since 2006 she has regained strength with the help of the NLFT and now “manages” recruitment, protection and ransom extortion for them in the districts of Dhalai and North Tripura .
• Bru National Liberation Front; founded in 1997 wanted to protect the rights of the Reang . The group of 757 comrades surrendered on Oct. 21, 2006.
• Chin Kuki Revolutionary Front (CKRF)
• Dima Halam Daoga (DHD), formed in 1995 from the remnants of the DNSF that refused to surrender.
• Gorkha Tiger Force (GTF)
• Gorkha National Liberation Front (GNLF), founded 1980, peaked 1985–86. Leader: Subash Ghising . The GNLF is a political party with the aim of establishing a federal state in the Nepalese-speaking districts of West Bengal . After several years of violent acts, the Darjeeling Hill Accord was signed on August 22, 1988 . The creation of a self-governing Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council was envisaged. In the last few years the hitherto largely peaceful agitation for a separate federal state has increased again.
• Hmar People's Convention (HPC)
  • Hmar People's Convention - Democracy (HPC-D). The Hmar are one of the smaller tribes in the region that still belong to the Kuki / Chin group. A representative, admitted to Governor Braj Kumar Nehru , first had to explain in the 1960s who he was representing. The HPC signed an agreement with the Mizoram State Government in 1995 that resulted in the establishment of the Sinlung Hills Development Council for Regional Development. The more radical members then formed the HPC (D) faction, whose aim is to unite all Hmar under one roof. Today's military chief Laltuolien Hmar.
• Hmar Revolutionary Front (HRF)
• Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council (HNLC); Founded in 1992 wants to free the state of Meghalaya from the dominant Garo tribe .
• Islamic Revolutionary Front (IRF), was active in Manipur.
• Islamic National Front (INF), was active in Manipur.
• Kamatapur Liberation Organization (KLO)
• Kanglei Yawol Kanna Lup (KYKL)
• Kangleipak ​​Communist Party (KCP), founded April 13, 1980, under Y. Ibohanbi († 1995), President today: Senggoi Meetei. Despite its name, a nationalist group that represents the interests of the Meitei . The maximum 100 cadres, half of them armed, are still active in Manipur today.
• Kangleipak ​​Kanba Kanglup (KKK)
• Karbi Longri North Cachar Hills Liberation Front (KLNLF), the non-negotiating faction split from the UPDS in 2004. Chef Pradip Terang aka Pongbi Dilli.
• Karbi National Volunteers (KNV)
• Karbi People's Front (KPF), merged with KNF to form UPDS in 1999.
• Kuki Defense Force (KDF)
• Kuki Independent Army (KIA)
• Kuki International Force (KIF)
• Kuki Liberation Army (KLA)
• Kuki Liberation Front (KLF)
• Kuki National Front (KNF), armed arm: Kuki National Army (KNA); founded in 1987, probably with funding from the Indian government. Resistance to the property tax levied by the NSCN on the Kuki (as "strangers"). Demands its own Kukiland in the state of Manipur. Was still active in the Karbi Anglong district in 2003/4. They worked with the Kuki National Organization (KNO), which made the same call on the Burmese side of the border. The NSCN in particular saw them as a threat to their own claims to "Greater Nagaland" and fought them.
• Kuki National Volunteers (KNV)
• Kuki Revolutionary Army (KRA)
• Kuki Security Force (KSF)
• Liberation of Tripura Tribal Force (LTTF), short-lived group made up of former NLFT cadres.
• Manipur Komrem Revolutionary Front (MKRF)
• Manipur Liberation Tiger Army (MLTA)
• Manipur People's Liberation Front (MPLF), amalgamation of People's United Liberation Front (PULF), Rabha National Security Force (RNSF) and Revolutionary Joint Committee (RJC)
• Mizo National Front (MNF); founded in 1959 by bank clerk Pu Laldenga , had around 7,000 fighters in 1970. In 1986 a peace agreement was signed with Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi , which also provided for the creation of a separate state of Mizoram . The now legal party with him at the head won the 1987 elections, Laldenga became Chief Minister.
• Muslim United Liberation Tigers of Assam (MULTA)
• Muslim United Liberation Front of Assam (MULFA)
• Naga National Council (NNC); First, immediately before independence , Aliba Imtie and T. Sakrhie reached an agreement with the governor of Assam, Sir Akbar Hydari , which secured nine points of autonomy for the Nagas . When this was broken, an independent Nagaland was declared on August 14, 1947. The first armed organization came into being to fight against the economic disadvantage of Assam, which was decided by the central government. Led by T. Sakrhie (murdered Jan. 1956), Angami Zapa Phizo († 1990, in exile in Kent ) After Phizos' death his daughter Adinno took over the management of the organization, from which the NNC (K) split off after a few years. (S 86-)
  • Naga National Council (Adinno) - NNC (Adinno), name of the NNC after 1990. Today only the remainder is greatly weakened.
  • Naga National Council (Khodao). Splinter group that emerged from the NNC (A) in 1998. Has max. 2000 members.
  • Naga National Council (Panger). Further separation from the NNC.
• National Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB), since 1992 name of the Bodo Security Force (BdSF)
• National Liberation Front of Tripura (NLFT), under the Dhananjoy Reang. Founded, with the support of the Congress Party , on March 11, 1989. Reservoir for non-peace-ready TNVF and ATTF cadres. Since 1990, smaller, more or less criminal, smaller and mostly very short-lived groups and small groups have separated again and again. The most significant spin-offs: TRA formed in 1994; Borok National Council of Tripura (BNCT) in the summer of 2000. A larger group around Nayanbasi Jamatiya accepted an offer of amnesty in February 2001. When further negotiations failed, Nayanbasi went underground again to Bangladesh (base in Sajak ) and tried to revive the group (as NLFT (N)), but 138 fighters accepted an amnesty offer in December 2004. Together with the faction around Biswamohan Debbarma (the NLFT (B)), which also demands the conversion of the Hindu tribals to Christianity, their team strength is estimated at a maximum of 200 in 2008, of which not even half have modern firearms. Today's leadership includes : Bishwamohan Debbarma President, Kamini Debbarma Vice President, Binoy Debbarma Press Officer, Dhanu Koloi Army Chief, Mantu Koloi General Secretary, Bishnu Prasad Jamatia in charge of finances. About 90% of the leaders are Christian.
• National Militia of Tripura (NMT)
• National Socialist Council of Nagaland ; founded in 1980 by dissidents of the NNC.
  • National Socialist Council of Nagaland (Isak / Muivah) - NSCN (IM). Under the leadership of Isak Chisi Swu and Thuingaleng Muivah , after the signing of the Shillong Accord in 1975, the NNC split off from the NNC in 1980 and has the support of the Burmese KIA. An effective, well-educated and comparatively large liberation movement. Active up to a first armistice in 1997, although negotiating offers had been accepted as early as 1988. Supported by the USA (until 1971), China (until 1980) and Pakistan, where training bases also exist. Security authorities continue to attribute attacks to the group today.
  • National Socialist Council of Nagaland (Khaplang) - NSCN (K). 1988 Split from NSCN (I / M), mainly supported by the Koyak tribe of the Nagas under the leadership of SS Khaplang. In her political demands she was much less open to the Indian positions. Negotiations took place in November 1992, but these were broken off, although the NSCN (K) delegation had offered to fight on the Indian side against their former comrades and the ULFA (S 108ff <ref = "MIST" />). The first ceasefire with the government came in April 2001, and although it was extended four years later, the group is credited with numerous other attacks. In 2007 they merged with the NSCN (I / M) to form the National Socialist Council of Nagaland-Unification (NSCN-U), but this did not last long. 28 of the approximately 200 members were arrested on Aug. 7, 2009.
• People's Liberation Army (PLA). This Maoist group arose in the 1960s under the Meitei in Imphal Valley. They demanded independence and a return to the time before the introduction of the dominant Vishnu cult (around 1750) and the abolition of the foreign Bengali script . The Indian government responded to the first armed actions (and those of the PREPAK, which had become active at the same time) with the usual curfews and the display of military power. After the boss Biseswar was arrested in the early 1980s, the clout decreased significantly. After about ten years, the PLA recovered somewhat and now put its separatist demands under pro-Hindu auspices. Biseswar, who had turned away from the little red book in custody , was elected to the regional parliament, where he remained a backbencher. He later started a campaign to protect the Hindus.
• People's Liberation Front of Meghalaya (PLF-M)
• People's Republican Army (PRA)
• People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak ​​(PREPAK); founded October 9, 1977. The leaders were RK Tulachandra († November 12, 1985); S. Wanglen; Urrikhinbam Sarat (†) alias Meiraba and Lumbeban Masunga († 1993). The PREPAK had essentially the same goals as the PLA, but without the communist component, it was recruited from the same dissatisfied young Meiteis. The mayang (foreigners) should be driven out of the region again. Multiple chippings. As a result of attacks by the army, they, like their remaining comrades in the PLA, were pushed into Burmese territory, where they were supported by the KIA. The MPLF was formed with the UNLF and RPF in 2003. Monthly magazine: Literature. Team strength 200 (government estimate) to 500 (own information)
• People's United Liberation Front (PULF), merged into MPLF
• Rabha National Security Force (RNSF), merged into MPLF
• Revolutionary Joint Committee (RJC), merged into MPLF
• Revolutionary Peoples Front (RPF), another name for the PLA
• Sanjukta Mukti Fouj, since 1996, name of ULFA
• SENKRAK, the first tribals liberation organization in Tripura in the 1960s. Active in Manu , Chaumanu , Kanchanpur and Khowai . Defeated by 1968.
• Singlung Tiger Force founded in May 2007, soon to be renamed Singlung People's Liberation Army (SPLA). Members of the local Hmar tribe. Fight against a dam in the Singlung Hills in the border area of ​​Mizoram and Manipur. On July 17, 2009, 64 gunmen surrendered.
• Social Democratic Front of Tripura (SDFT), short-lived splinter group from remnants of the TNVF around 1990 .

Flag of the UNLF

• Tiger Commando Force (TCF)
• Tiwa National Revolutionary Force (TNRF)
• Tribal Commando Force (TCF)
• Tripura Armed Tribal Commando Force (TATCF)
• Tripura Defense Force (TDF)
• Tripura Humkurai Sepoy (THS), short-lived group made up of former NLFT cadres.
• Tripura Liberation Force (TLF)
• Tripura Liberation Organization Front (TLOF)
• Tripura Mukti Police (TMP)
• Tripura National Army (TNA)
• Tripura National Democratic Tribal Force (TNDTF)
• Tripura National Liberation Front (TNLF), short-lived group made up of former NLFT cadres.
• Tripura National Volunteer Force (TNVF), founded under Bijoy Hrangkhawal on Nov. 10, 1978. Split into ATTF and TRA.
• Tripura National Sengkrak Force (TNSF), short-lived group made up of former NLFT cadres.
• Tripura Rajya Raksha Bahini (TRRB)
• Tripura Regimental Force (TRF), short-lived group made up of former NLFT cadres.
• Tripura State Volunteers (TSV)
• (All) Tripura Tribal Force (TTF), from 1992 name of the All Tripura Tiger Force (ATTF).
• Tripura Tribal Action Committee Force (TTACF) Socialist-Democratic
• Tripura Tribal Democratic Force (TTDF), short-lived group made up of former NLFT cadres.
• Tripura Resurrection Army (TRA), formed as a splinter group by Dhananjoy Reang, previously Vice President of TNV and President of NLFT, on Feb. 11, 1994 after he was attacked on the orders of the Debbarma brothers. The small organization surrendered in 1997 due to a lack of equipment.

Flag of the ZRUO

• Tripura Tribal Sengkrak Force (TTSF)
• Tripura Tribal Volunteer Force (TTVF)
• Tripura Tribal Youth Force (TTYF)
• United A'chik National Front (UANF), founded March 2004, is little known about leadership, funding and membership. Presumably consisting of former members of the disbanded People's Liberation Front of Meghalaya (PLFM). Mainly active in the three Garo Hills districts, particularly Dalu town . Call for an independent Garoland. Connections to ANVC, NLFT and NDFB. Like these retreat bases in the border area of ​​Bangladesh. The alleged leader Nemos Marak and his deputy Shalang Sangma were arrested in Dhaka in October 2006 and shot a few days later in a camp. Since two other leaders surrendered in Tura in the West Garo Hills district in December , the group has been considered weakened and no longer threatening.
• United Islamic Liberation Army (UILA), was active in Manipur
• United Islamic Revolutionary Army (UIRA), was active in Manipur
• United Kuki Liberation Front (UKLF)
• United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA, pronounced "alpha"; since 1996: Sanjukta Mukti Fouj ). Well trained and organized under the leaders Heerak Jyoti Mahanta (until 1991); Anup Chetia (arrested 1997); Arabinda Rajchowa; Paresh Baruah; Deputy Chairman Pradip Gogoi (in custody). Strength in 2005: three well-trained battalions (7th, 28th, 709). Another four exist on paper. The Indian Army estimates 3,000, other sources 4-6,000 fighters. From the beginning of the 1990s there was cooperation with the remainder of the NNC. Attacks and assassinations since the early 1990s. On May 9, 1990, the tea grower Surendra Paul was killed and numerous plantation owners fled the region. In July 1991 kidnapping and killing of 14 hostages. 1997 kidnapping of the social activist Sanjay Ghose. A bomb on August 15, 2004 in Dhemaji killed 17, including 16 school children. Military wing SMF established on March 16, 1996. The commanding officer is Paresh Barua. Attack on January 15, 2007 killed 62 Hindi speaking immigrants. Training camps exist in the Sandrup Jongkhar district of Bhutan (until 2003) and Bangladesh (13-14 presumably sponsored by the Pakistani ISI ). Over the years, 8,718 relatives have been captured or surrendered, 4,993 of them between 1991 and 1998. Then a further 3,435 between 1998 and 2005. Provisional armistice 2006 and negotiations. 28th battalion since 2008 ULFA (Pro-Talk) and permanent armistice. Nevertheless, the group continued to take action in 2008. In the afternoon of January 1, 2009, three bombs exploded in Guwahati, the detonation of which is attributed to the ULFA. There were five dead and 50 injured. At the end of 2009 the Indian military took action against the UFLA, which led Arabinda Rajkhowa and was arrested in Bangladesh.
• United Liberation Front of Barak Valley
• United National Liberation Front (UNLF); founded Nov. 24, 1964 under the leadership of Arambam Samarendra Singh († June 10, 2001); Rajkumar Meghen aka Sana Yaima. Goal of a free, socialist Manipur. Peacefully active as a political party between 1968 and 1990. Resumption of the armed liberation struggle after 1990. Fought against NSCN (I / M) since 1991. Fractional struggles for Namoijam Oken led to splintering. Started a campaign against alcohol, drugs and gambling. Said to have shot about 50 unpunished rapists. Particularly active in the Chandel and Churachandpur districts . Cooperates with ZDF, NSNC (K), KNF u. a. The MPLF was formed with PREPAK and RPF in 2003.
• United People's Democratic Solidarity (UPDS), active in the Karbi Anglong district since 2000. Merger of KNV and KPF. Also fight the KNA. Chief Kiri Rongphar arrested December 1999, Commander-in-Chief Long Kumar Kiling bitten to death by dog ​​in August 2002. Today's leader Longder Singner aka HE Katha. Team strength max. 150.
• Zeliang People's Convention (ZPC), is nominally an organization based on Gandhi principles, this Naga people demanded a "homeland" in the early 1990s. It was led by Rani Gaidinliu , who had already led the militant Haraka cult as a 17-year-old and had spent almost 20 years in prison for it. After the establishment of a Central Development Authority (CDA) for the Zeliang territories , the agitation subsided.
• Zomi Revolutionary Army (ZRA), armed arm of the Zomi Revolutionary Organization created in 1993 . Protects the Paite from the Chin / Kuki. Led by Thang Lian Pau and Phanznianpau Guite. Active in the Churachandpur district in the border area with Myanmar.
• Zomi Revolutionary Volunteers (ZRV)

Alliances

The Indo-Burmese Revolutionary Front (IBRF) , founded in 1989, was an umbrella organization initially consisting of NSCN (K), ULFA, United Liberation Front of Bodoland (ULFB), Kuki National Front (KNF) (all India) and Chin National Front (Burma) .

The Indigenous People's Revolutionary Alliance (IPRA) was supposed to unite five ethnic Zo groups in 2001: Zomi Reunification Organization (ZRO), two factions of the Kuki National Front, namely KNF-P and KNF-MC, the Kuki National Army (KNA) and HPC- D. However, fratricidal fights continued.

Since the beginning of 2010, seven organizations from Assam, Tripura and Manipur, including the PLA, have been working with up to 8,000 fighters in their struggle for independence.

See also

• Naxalites

literature

• A. Lanunungsang Ao; From Phizo to Muivah: The Naga National Question; New Delhi 2002
• Blisters on their feet: tales of internally displaced persons in India's North East; Los Angeles [u. a.] 2008; ISBN 978-81-7829-819-1
• Dutta, anuradha; Assam in the Freedom Movement; Calcutta 1991
• Hazarika, Sanjoy; Strangers of the Mist: Tales of War and Peace from India's Northeast; New Delhi u. a. 1994
• Horam, M .; Naga insurgency: the last thirty years; New Delhi 1988
• International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (Ed.); The Naga nation and its struggle against genocide; Copenhagen 1986
• Nibedom, Nirmal; The Night of the Guerrillas; Delhi 1978
• Srikanth, H .; Thomas, CJ; Naga Resistance Movement and the Peace Process in Northeast India; in: Peace and Democracy in South Asia, Vol. I (2005)
• Terrorism and separatism in North-East India; Delhi 2004; ISBN 81-7835-261-3

Individual evidence

1. ↑ estimated immigrants: 1951-61: 3-3.5 million; 1961-74: 1.5 million; Update 1975-90: 1.76 million, based on: Sharifa Begum; Birthrate and Deathrate in Bangladesh…; Dhaka 1979
2. ↑ ^{a b c d} Hazarika, Sanjoy; Strangers of the Mist: Tales of War and Peace from India's Northeast; New Delhi u. a. 1994
3. ^ Security Force Personnel Killed by Various Terrorist Groups in Assam
4. ↑ IWGIA (1986), Introduction and Appendices
5. ↑ http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/terroristoutfits/index.html
6. ↑ ^{a b c d} Subir Bhaumik: Shortly before rear India, in: Le Monde diplomatique, February 2010, p. 20 (Note: this article, according to footnotes there, is based exclusively on the less detailed article in the English WP and the here in web links given pages.)
7. ↑ 380 Dimasa militants in Assam surrender ( Times of India , September 17, 2009)
8. ^ National Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB) - Terrorist Group of Assam
9. ↑ ^{a b} Militant Groups' Profiles
10. ↑ on the conflict of peoples see: Vibha J. Patel; Naga and Kuki: Who Is to Blame? ; Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 29, No. 22 (May 28, 1994), pp. 1331-1332.
11. ↑ Srikanth, H .; Thomas, CJ; Naga Resistance Movement and the Peace Process in Northeast India; in: Peace and Democracy in South Asia, Vol. I (2005)
12. ↑ NSCN (K)
13. ↑ http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/nagaland/terrorist_outfits/NSCN_U.HTM
14. ^ People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak
15. ↑ [1]
16. ↑ UANF
17. ↑ see: "The Rise of Fall of UFLA", Hazarika (1994), p. 167-.
18. ↑ UNLF
19. ↑ Archived copy ( Memento of the original dated December 30, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 

Web links

• South Asia Terrorism Portal (Engl.)
• Militancy in Tripura (police page )