Nasal bag
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Kurznasenbeutler ( Isoodon sp. ) |
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| Peramelemorphia | ||||||||||||
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The bandicoot or bag Badgers (PERAMELEMORPHIA) are an order of marsupials with three families and 24 species, of which four species considered extinct apply. After their English name (bandicoots), these animals are also sometimes referred to as bandikuts. The term comes from the South Indian language Telugu and means "pig rat", it was originally used for a genus of rodents, the bandicut rats ( Bandicota ).
description
Nasal puckers are small to medium-sized, ground-dwelling animals. They owe their name to their long, pointed snout. The hind legs are longer than the front legs, which leads to a hopping mode of locomotion. Claws on the front legs are used to dig for food. Common to all nosebasers is the soil-dwelling way of life; However, differences can be found in the settlement of habitats, which range from sandy desert areas to humid rainforests.
distribution and habitat
Nosebags are found in Australia , New Guinea, and some islands in eastern Indonesia . They populate a wide variety of habitats, from desert-like areas to tropical rainforests.
Way of life
Nose pimples are - with the exception of the mating season - strict solitary animals who react hostile towards other conspecifics. Many species show a territorial behavior, their territory is marked with scent markings. In addition to the sense of smell, the sense of hearing plays an important role. Nosebags are mostly nocturnal; they spend the day in self-dug caves, hollows or grass nests, which are often protected in shallow hollows or behind bushes. They also occasionally accept hollow tree trunks or abandoned rabbit holes. Nose purse, which are surprised by an enemy in their nest, break out completely unpredictably and undirected. With this behavior, in most cases, they manage to confuse their opponent and escape.
food
Nose bags are omnivores , their diet ranges from insects to small vertebrates (mice, lizards and others) to plant material such as fruits or seeds. They track their food with their long snouts on the surface of the earth or in holes they have dug themselves. The pointed bite of the nasal sacs, consisting of 46 to 48 teeth, is more similar to that of the predatory sacs .
Reproduction
Generally, nasal aspirators have a short gestation period, often only two weeks. Unlike other marsupials, they have a primitive placenta . The pouches are well developed and open backwards. Newborns often have claws to reach the mother's pouch, which then fall off. Nose bags have six to ten teats, but usually only two to five young are born. This results from the fact that new young animals are often born immediately after weaning; the teats with which the older young animals were suckled are too big for them, so that they cling to the other teats.
threat
With the arrival of the Europeans, the nosebuyers are more threatened in their population than other Australian groups of marsupials. The threat from introduced predators such as foxes and cats , competition from sheep and rabbits, and habitat loss through colonization have resulted in at least three of the 22 species being extinct. For some other species, the data is so poor that they may have disappeared as well.
Systematics
Today the order of the nosebags is divided into three families:
- The pig's foot sacs (Chaeropodidae) comprise two extinct species.
- The rabbit nasal sacs (Thylacomyidae) consist of two species including an extinct species.
- The actual nasal sacs (Peramelidae) summarize the remaining 21 species with two extinct species. They are divided into three subfamilies:
- The Australian nasal cones (Peramelinae) inhabit rather dry habitats and have a flattened skull. They include two genera, the Kurznasenbeutler ( Isoodon ) with 4 kinds and the Longnosebeutler ( Perameles ) with 6 kinds, two of which are considered to be extinct.
- The large New Guinea pus (Peroryctinae) comprise two species in a genus that live on New Guinea.
- The New Guinea noseband (Echymiperinae) live primarily in rainforests and have a cylindrical skull. This group includes ten species in three genera.
A nasal sac cladogram looks like this:
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Alternatively, a cladogram was published in 2019 in which the pig's foot nosebuyers are a sister group of a clade of short-nosed buttlers, long-nosed buttlers, and large New Guinea nosebuys, deep within the rest of the nasal pus:
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Media and zoos
A nose bag named Crash Bandicoot is the hero of a video game series of the same name , which was released mainly for the Sony PlayStation , but also for other systems. For some time, Crash Bandicoot was considered the PlayStation's unofficial mascot.
In Germany, nosebags were only cared for in Frankfurt and Stuttgart. The last German nosebug died in 1973.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Christopher Dickman : Family Peramelidae (Bandicoots and Echymiperas). Page 389 in Don E. Wilson , Russell A. Mittermeier : Handbook of the Mammals of the World - Volume 5. Monotremes and Marsupials. Lynx Editions, 2015, ISBN 978-84-96553-99-6
- ↑ Kenny Travouillon & Matthew J. Phillips, 2018. Total evidence analysis of the phylogenetic relationships of bandicoots and bilbies (Marsupialia: Peramelemorphia): reassessment of two species and description of a new species . Zootaxa 4378 (2), 224-256.
- ^ Kenny J. Travouillon, Bruno F. Simões, Roberto Portela Miguez, Selina Brace, Phillipa Brewer, David Stemmer, Gilbert J. Price, Jonathan Cramb and Julien Louys. 2019. Hidden in Plain Sight: Reassessment of the Pig-footed Bandicoot, Chaeropus ecaudatus (Peramelemorphia, Chaeropodidae), with A Description of A New Species from central Australia, and Use of the Fossil Record to Trace Its Past Distribution. Zootaxa. 4566 (1); 1-69. DOI: 10.11646 / zootaxa.4566.1.1
- ↑ [1] on Zootierliste.de; Retrieved June 9, 2015
literature
- Ronald M. Nowak: Walker's Mammals of the World . Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 1999, ISBN 0-8018-5789-9 .
- DE Wilson, DM Reeder: Mammal Species of the World . Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4 .
