National composer
National composer is an ideological term for a composer whose musical work is characterized across the board by national symbols and elements, is also very popular with the public of the nation belonging to him and is internationally recognized as a significant musician.
term
The concept is comparable to that of the national poet , but has no historical past with official titles (e.g. poeta laureatus ). The term arose in the 19th century in the course of nationalist and patriotist movements, when composers from smaller, foreign-ruled states in particular interwoven elements of folk music in their works or set concise national symbols of a different kind to music ( national schools ). However, due to the popularity criterion, only a few composers from a national school are considered national composers. Musicians who are considered to be national composers do not necessarily see themselves as such.
Comparable concepts before the Romantic era lead to discrepancies in musicological historical research in the national designation of individual composers such as Ludwig Senfl (Germany / Switzerland) or Georg Friedrich Händel (Germany / England).
distribution
National composers can be found mainly in Scandinavia : Hugo Alfvén (Sweden), Niels Wilhelm Gade (Denmark), Edvard Grieg (Norway), Jón Leifs (Iceland) and Jean Sibelius (Finland) are considered to be the leading composers of Nordic Romanticism. Many national composers are also revered in Eastern Europe : Bedřich Smetana , Antonín Dvořák (both Bohemia / Czech Republic), Frédéric Chopin , Stanisław Moniuszko (both Poland), Béla Bartók (Hungary), Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis (Lithuania), Mykola Lyssenko (Ukraine) and Aramssenko Khachaturyan (Armenia).
Even in smaller Western European countries there were a few national composers, even without composing "nationally": Josef Gabriel Rheinberger (Liechtenstein) and Jean-Antoine Zinnen (Luxembourg) are national identifiers in their home countries due to their importance. In Switzerland , Hans Huber is known as a patriotic composer who works in a romantic way, but does not have a comparable status as a national composer. In Ireland , the baroque harp composer Turlough O'Carolan is especially venerated as a national composer.
In the self-ruling nation states of the 19th century with a large and widespread musical tradition such as Germany, Italy and France, no composers were revered in a similar way. However, musicians like Ludwig van Beethoven , Richard Wagner and Anton Bruckner in National Socialist Germany were stylized as national composers for propaganda reasons, because their music reflected "German national ideals" in the sense of the regime.
See also
References
- ^ Nazi Approved Music , A Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust. Florida Center for Instructional Technology, College of Education, University of South Florida, 2005. Retrieved December 26, 2009.
literature
general
- Helmut Loos, Stefan Keym (ed.): National Music in the 20th Century. Compositional and socio-cultural aspects of music history between Eastern and Western Europe , Leipzig 2002.
- Sidney Walter Finkelstein: Composer and nation. The folk heritage in music, a study of national expression in music and the use of folk and popular music by the great composers from the 17th century to the present day , New York 1989.
to individual composers
- Thussy Gorischek : Russian National Composers , 3 volumes, Graz 2007.
- Heinrich W. Schwab : national composer, local artist, European. Changing views of the Grieg picture from the 19th to the 20th century , Munich 2005.
- Thomas Leibnitz : Anton Bruckner and "German music". Josef Schalk and the establishment of Bruckner as a national composer , Aldershot 2001.
- Zdzisław Mach: National Anthems. The Case of Chopin as a National Composer , Oxford 1994.
- Percy Marshall Young: Dvořák , London / New York 1970, pp. 39–46.
- Ilmari Hannikainen: Sibelius and the development of Finnish music , London 1948.
- Agnes M. Wergeland: Grieg as a national composer , New York 1907.