National Syndicalism
National syndicalism is a political ideology that strives for a symbiosis of revolutionary syndicalism and integral nationalism . National syndicalism is often assigned to proto-fascism . It developed notably in France , Italy , Spain and Portugal .
history
France
In the right-wing extremist party Action française around 1900, Georges Sorel's syndicalist ideas were received positively for the first time , particularly by Charles Maurras . From 1909 a close collaboration began between the two national syndicalist pioneers, who despised liberal democracy as much as capitalism . In their place, a decentralized collectivism organized in provinces and municipalities should emerge, which would end the class struggle and bring about national unity. From 1911 Sorel published the magazine La cité française together with the AF politician Georges Valois , which pursued a cross-front concept and in which both right-wing and left-wing authors published. The Cercle Proudhon , named after Pierre-Joseph Proudhon , emerged in the vicinity and became a platform for anti-democratic nationalism in France.
Italy
National syndicalism had a great influence on the development of Italian fascism . Leading national syndicalists such as Agostino Lanzillo and Sergio Panunzio developed into staunch fascists. National syndicalist ideas were just as present in the nationalist Associazione Nazionalista Italiana as in the PSI newspaper Avanti! under the leadership of Benito Mussolini . That Mussolini later named Georges Sorel as his main source of political inspiration.
Spain
In Spain the idea of national syndicalism did not develop until much later, when it no longer played a role for fascism in Italy. In 1931, Ramiro Ledesma formulated the program of a Spanish national syndicalism in the magazine La Conquista del Estado , which, closely following the French model, called for a decentralized collectivism of workers and peasants while at the same time strengthening the unification of the Spanish nation. After the planned takeover of the anarcho-syndicalist Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) failed, the Ledesma group founded their own organization with the Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista (JONS). This united in 1934 with the fascist Falange .
Portugal
In Portugal, national syndicalism was represented by the Movimento Nacional-Sindicalista (MNS) under its leader Francisco Rolão Preto , which was strongly oriented towards Spanish Falangism and Italian fascism.
literature
- Zeev Sternhell , Mario Sznajder, Maia Ashéri: The birth of fascist ideology: from cultural rebellion to political revolution , third printing, and first paperback printing. Edition, Princeton University Press , Princeton, New Jersey 1995, ISBN 0-691-03289-0 .
- Zeev Sternhell : Neither right nor left: fascist ideology in France , 2nd. Edition, Princeton University Press , Princeton, New Jersey 1986, ISBN 978-0-691-00629-1 .
- Peter Davies: The Extreme Right in France, 1789 to the Present. From de Maistre to Le Pen. Routledge, 2002, ISBN 0-415-23981-8 .
- Steve Bastow: Integral Nationalism . In: Cyprian P. Blamires (Ed.): World Fascism. A Historical Encyclopedia. Volume 1: AK, ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara 2006, ISBN 1-57607-940-6 .