Natural object

The expression natural object , natural object or natural thing ( lat. Res naturae) is sometimes used in epistemology or ontology to denote a concrete material object.

It can u. a. the following details are available through delimitation of counter-terms:

"Natural object" in contrast to an artifact or artifact , i.e. an object that does not exist in nature, but is only produced through the application of culture or technology.
"Natural object" in contrast to the object of knowledge , which designates a thing insofar as its essence is recognized or classified by the mind.
"Natural object" as a counter-term to non- naturalistic or non-scientifically describable objects, possibly combined with a demarcation of nature as an area of material objects from the mental , provided that matter and spirit are understood as mutually exclusive ontological categories.
"Natural object" as an alternative to mental constructs , fictional objects, chimeras

Individual evidence

↑ Cf. e.g. K.-H. Bernhardt: Art. Image , in: Biblisch-historisches Handwörterbuch, Vol. 1, p. 250. This is how Aristoteles , Physik II, 1 192b ff .; Chrysippos , SVF 2, 308, 11ff., Here after A. Reckermann: Art. Art, Artwork , in: HWPh , Vol. 4, p. 1366. Such word usage also in Karl Marx : Introduction [to the criticism of political economy] , in: Marx / Engels: Selected Works, MEW Vol. 13, p. 623: "a house that is not inhabited is in fact not a real house; that is, as a product, in contrast to a mere natural object, it proves itself and becomes Product only in consumption. " Or: Ders .: Das Kapital , MEW Vol. 23, p. 217: "Man himself, viewed as the mere existence of labor, is a natural object, a thing".
↑ See e.g. B. Burkhard Mojsisch : The new concept of consciousness, Aristotle reception and Aristotle transformation in the 13th century, in: Dirk Ansorge et al. (Ed.): Wegmarks of European civilization, Wallstein 2001, pp. 135–147, here 140–142. Mojsisch has deepened the analysis presented there, especially in several studies on Dietrich von Freiberg's epistemology. See also Nicolai Hartmann's thesis that a natural object is never fully empirically recognized, in: Grundzüge einer Metaphysik der Wissens , de Gruyter, Berlin 5. A. 1965, p. 280.
↑ See for example T. Borsche: Art. Leib, Körper , in: HWPh , Bd. 5, p. 178; R. Specht: Art. Nisus , in: HWPh , Vol. 6, p. 866. Friedrich Jaeger: Handbuch der Kulturwissenschaften: Topics and Tendencies , Vol. 3, Metzler, Stuttgart 2004, p. 179.
↑ Cf., for example, the opposition in David Hume : Investigation in Subject of Human Understanding , Berlin 1869, p. 18: "Even with the brightest colors of his art, the poet cannot paint a natural object in such a way that its description is mistaken for a real landscape . "
↑ Cf. for example the opposition in Johann Gottlieb Gerhard Buhle: History of modern philosophy since the epoch of the restoration of the sciences , Volume 3, Part 2, JG Rosenbusch, Göttingen 1802, p. 580.

[1] Cf. e.g. K.-H. Bernhardt: Art. Image , in: Biblisch-historisches Handwörterbuch, Vol. 1, p. 250. This is how Aristoteles , Physik II, 1 192b ff .; Chrysippos , SVF 2, 308, 11ff., Here after A. Reckermann: Art. Art, Artwork , in: HWPh , Vol. 4, p. 1366. Such word usage also in Karl Marx : Introduction [to the criticism of political economy] , in: Marx / Engels: Selected Works, MEW Vol. 13, p. 623: "a house that is not inhabited is in fact not a real house; that is, as a product, in contrast to a mere natural object, it proves itself and becomes Product only in consumption. " Or: Ders .: Das Kapital , MEW Vol. 23, p. 217: "Man himself, viewed as the mere existence of labor, is a natural object, a thing".

[2] See e.g. B. Burkhard Mojsisch : The new concept of consciousness, Aristotle reception and Aristotle transformation in the 13th century, in: Dirk Ansorge et al. (Ed.): Wegmarks of European civilization, Wallstein 2001, pp. 135–147, here 140–142. Mojsisch has deepened the analysis presented there, especially in several studies on Dietrich von Freiberg's epistemology. See also Nicolai Hartmann's thesis that a natural object is never fully empirically recognized, in: Grundzüge einer Metaphysik der Wissens , de Gruyter, Berlin 5. A. 1965, p. 280.

[3] See for example T. Borsche: Art. Leib, Körper , in: HWPh , Bd. 5, p. 178; R. Specht: Art. Nisus , in: HWPh , Vol. 6, p. 866. Friedrich Jaeger: Handbuch der Kulturwissenschaften: Topics and Tendencies , Vol. 3, Metzler, Stuttgart 2004, p. 179.

[4] Cf., for example, the opposition in David Hume : Investigation in Subject of Human Understanding , Berlin 1869, p. 18: "Even with the brightest colors of his art, the poet cannot paint a natural object in such a way that its description is mistaken for a real landscape . "

[5] Cf. for example the opposition in Johann Gottlieb Gerhard Buhle: History of modern philosophy since the epoch of the restoration of the sciences , Volume 3, Part 2, JG Rosenbusch, Göttingen 1802, p. 580.