Nemrut Dağı (Bitlis)

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Nemrut
Nemrut Dağı Crater, image from orbit (February 2001)

Nemrut Dağı Crater, image from orbit (February 2001)

height 3050  m
location Turkey
Coordinates 38 ° 37 '10 "  N , 42 ° 14' 28"  E Coordinates: 38 ° 37 '10 "  N , 42 ° 14' 28"  E
Nemrut Dağı (Bitlis) (Turkey)
Nemrut Dağı (Bitlis)
Type dormant stratovolcano
Last eruption 1881

The Nemrut Dağı ( Armenian Սարակն Sarakn , Kurdish Çiyayê Nemrud) is a 3,050 meter high, last active in 1881, now dormant volcano in Turkey near Tatvan on Lake Van . The altitude information varies between 2865 m and 3300 m depending on the source.

This mountain should not be confused with the approximately 300 km away and only 2150 m high Nemrut Dağı (Adıyaman) , on which the famous remains of the sanctuary and tomb of the late Hellenistic king Antiochus I Theos (69-36 BC) von Kommagene can be found.

The peak of Nemrut was thrown away in the explosion. This created a huge crater basin. This caldera of the volcano has a diameter of about 7 km and its western half is filled with one of the largest crater lakes on earth. This lake is 155 m deep and has cold water. The crater has two side lakes. To the north lies the Ilıgöl. It is warm according to its name. At the edges are volcanic hot water and steam springs, near which the water temperature rises to 80 ° C. The Ilıgöl has a diameter of 500 m and is 7–8 m deep. The second side lake is called Küçükgöl (Eng .: small lake) and is located in the east of the crater.

The mountain is named after the legendary King Nimrod . The Armenian name means "mountain spring".

Ascent of the Nemrut

The caldera of Nemrut

The Austrian zoologist Victor Pietschmann was probably the first European to climb the Nemrut. His description of an encounter with loggers suggests that the mountain was still forested at the beginning of the First World War.

The city of Tatvan is located in the southeast of the Nemrut. It is a good starting point for climbing the mountain. In five hours you can walk to the southeastern rim of the crater from Tatvan. From the edge of the crater you have a good view of the inside of the crater, the crater lake and also of the Van lake. The best time to climb is from June to September.

Today the slopes of the Nemrut are used by shepherds who often set up their summer camp in the caldera. In autumn they hike over the pass of Bitlis into the Tigristal ( Nemrik ), the area of Diyarbakır or into the Jesireh ( Chabur and Kashkaschok valleys).

Obsidian occurrence

The Nemrut Dağı was an important source of obsidian in the Neolithic and the Bronze Age , which was traded as far as northern Mesopotamia and the southern Levant. Several obsidian flows can be distinguished. Obsidian occurs in larger quantities on the southern and eastern mountain flanks, smaller occurrences are on the northeastern slope. In the eastern half of the caldera there are smaller obsidian rivers and rhyolite deposits . The obsidians of Nemrut are peralkalin . From about 7000 to 4000 BC BC obsidian from Nemrut Dağı, more precisely from Sıcaksu, was predominant in large parts of the Levant to the Persian Gulf.

Locations of Nemrut Obsidian are:

literature

  • Gary A. Wright, Adon A. Gordus: Distribution and utilization of Obsidian from Lake Van sources between 7500 and 3500 BC In: American Journal of Archeology. Volume 73, No. 1, 1969, pp. 75-77.
  • Steven A. Rosen, Robert H. Tykot, Michael Gottesman: Long distance trinket trade: Early Bronze Age obsidian from the Negev. In: Journal of Archaeological Science. Volume 32, No. 5, 2005, pp. 775-784.
  • MC Cauvin: La circulation de l'obsidienne au Proche-Orient Néolithique. In: HG Gebel, SK Kozlowski (Ed.): Neolithic chipped stone industries of the fertile crescent. Ex Oriente, Berlin 1994, ISBN 3-9804241-0-3 , pp. 15-22.
  • Joseph Yellin, Thomas E. Levy, Yorke M. Rowan: New Evidence on Prehistoric Trade Routes: The Obsidian Evidence from Gilat. Israel. In: Journal of Field Archeology. Volume 23, No. 3, 1996, pp. 361-368.
  • C. Chataigner, JL Poidevin, NO Arnaud: Turkish occurrences of obsidian and use by prehistoric peoples in the Near East from 14,000 to 6000 BP. In: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. Volume 85, No. 1, 1998, pp. 517-537.

Web links

Commons : Nemrut Dağı (Bitlis)  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ A. Karakhanian, R. Djrbashian, V. Trifonov, H. Philip, S. Arakelian, A. Avagian: Holocene-historical volcanism and active faults as natural risk factors for Armenia and adjacent countries. In: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. Volume 113, 2002, pp. 319-344.
  2. ↑ C. Chataigner, JL Poidevin, NO Arnaud: Turkish occurrences of obsidian and use by prehistoric peoples in the Near East from 14,000 to 6000 BP. In: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. Volume 85, No. 1, 1998, p. 533.
  3. ↑ Lamya Khalidi et al: The growth of early social networks: New geochemical results of obsidian from the Ubaid to Chalcolithic Period in Syria, Iraq and the Gulf. In: Journal of Archaeological Science. Reports 9, October 2016, pp. 743–757.