Nine Powers Treaty
The Nine Power Treaty of 1922 was an international agreement that guaranteed the sovereignty and territorial integrity of China.
Background and content
China's sovereignty had been restricted by the violent enforcement of the open door policy . The Nine Power Treaty called on Japan to withdraw from Shandong Province and cede that area to the Republic of China . The Treaty of Versailles gave the area to Japan in 1919 , which triggered the May Fourth Movement in China .
The US Secretary of State John Hay tried to prevent Japan and the major European powers from further restricting China's sovereignty. The agreement was signed on February 6, 1922 in Washington, DC . However, the Nine Power Agreement did not provide for sanctions for its violation and was violated when Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931. The USA only had a formal protest and in November 1937 (Japan had now also invaded the Republic of China) the signatories of the agreement met in Brussels, but came to no conclusion. With the beginning of the Second World War , the agreement became de facto obsolete.
The agreement can be classified into a number of post- World War I agreements , such as the Washington Naval Conference , the Washington Four Power Agreement, and the Five Power Pact.
Signatory States
- United States
- Belgium
- United Kingdom
- Republic of China
- France
- Kingdom of Italy
- Netherlands
- Portugal
- Japanese Empire
swell
- George Baer: One Hundred Years of Sea Power: The US Navy, 1890-1990 . Stanford University Press, 1996, ISBN 0-8047-2794-5 .
- Margaret Lamb: From Versailles To Pearl Harbor: The Origins of the Second World War in Europe and Asia . Palgrave Macmillan, 2001, ISBN 0-333-73840-3 .
- Carl L Myer: Treaty relations between the United States and the far east: (with special reference to the four-power, five-power, and nine-power treaties) . Library of Congress Legislative Reference Service, 1936.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Archived copy ( memento of the original from February 20, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
