Newworldly ear fish
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| Fowler , 1903 |
The New World earfish (Atherinopsidae) are small to medium-sized, slender and silvery shoaling fish that occur in 13 genera with around 110 species in South America, Central America and North America. Around 50 species live in fresh water, the others in the sea, but often also go into the brackish water of estuaries.
features
Newworldly ear fishes have two dorsal fins , the first with flexible hard rays, the second, just like the anal fin , with a hard ray, followed by soft rays. The pectoral fins sit high on the trunk. The mouth is small and terminal or slightly below, the eyes are relatively large. The other band along the sides indicates the family . In English they have the name "Silversides" . Newworldly ear fishes have two lateral lines , an upper one, which lies above the silvery longitudinal band and ends before the beginning of the anal fin, and a lower one, which extends from above the middle of the anal fin to the end of the caudal peduncle. The scales are usually cycloid , fall off easily and can be relatively large, then one usually counts 31 to 50 in a middle row, or they are small, then there are more than 100 in a middle row. The number of vertebrae is 35 to 60.
The largest species, Odontesthes bonariensis , is 52 centimeters long, the smallest Menidia colei reaches 4.2 centimeters.
New-world earfish feed on zooplankton , insects and small fish.
The larger species of the genera Chirostoma and Odontesthes are fished or grown in aquaculture .
Systematics
There are three subfamilies , four tribes , 13 genera and about 110 species:
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Internal systematics of the Atherinopsidae according to Campanella et al. 2015
Notocheirus hubbsi , usually placed in a separate family, belongs to the Atherinopsidae here. |
- Atherinopsinae Fitzinger subfamily , 1873
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Tribus Atherinopsini Fitzinger, 1873
- Genus Atherinops Steindachner, 1876
- Atherinops affinis Ayres, 1860
- Genus Atherinopsis Girard, 1854
- Atherinopsis californiensis Girard, 1854
- Genus Colpichthys Hubbs, 1918
- Colpichthys hubbsi Crabtree, 1989
- Colpichthys regis Jenkins & Evermann, 1889
- Genus Leuresthes Jordan & Gilbert, 1880
- Leuresthes sardina Jenkins & Evermann, 1889
- Leuresthes tenuis Ayres, 1860
- Genus Atherinops Steindachner, 1876
- Tribus Sorgentinini Pianta de Risso & Risso, 1953
- Genus Basilichthys Girard, 1855
- Basilichthys archaeus Cope, 1878
- Basilichthys australis Eigenmann, 1928
- Basilichthys microlepidotus Jenyns, 1841
- Basilichthys semotilus Cope, 1874
- Genus Odontesthes Evermann & Kendall, 1906
- Odontesthes argentinensis Valenciennes, 1835
- Odontesthes bicudo Malabarba & Dyer, 2002
- Odontesthes bonariensis Valenciennes, 1835
- Odontesthes brevianalis Günther, 1880
- Odontesthes gracilis Steindachner, 1898
- Odontesthes hatcheri Eigenmann, 1909
- Odontesthes humensis de Buen, 1953
- Odontesthes incisa Jenyns, 1841
- Odontesthes ledae Malabarba & Dyer, 2002
- Odontesthes mauleanum Steindachner, 1896
- Odontesthes mirinensis Bemvenuti, 1996
- Odontesthes nigricans Richardson, 1848
- Odontesthes orientalis de Buen, 1950
- Odontesthes perugiae Evermann & Kendall, 1906
- Odontesthes piquava Malabarba & Dyer, 2002
- Odontesthes platensis Berg, 1895
- Odontesthes regia Humboldt, 1821
- Odontesthes retropinnis de Buen, 1953
- Odontesthes smitti Lahille, 1929
- Odontesthes wiebrichi Eigenmann, 1927
- Genus Basilichthys Girard, 1855
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Tribus Atherinopsini Fitzinger, 1873
- Subfamily Menidiinae Schultz, 1948 (therein incertae sedis : Xenomelaniris brasiliensis , Atherinella venezuelae , Atherinella robbersi )
- Tribus Menidiini Schultz, 1948
- Genus Labidesthes Cope, 1870
- Labidesthes sicculus (Cope, 1865)
- Labidesthes vanhyningi Bean & Reid, 1930
- Genus Melanorhinus Metzelaar, 1919
- Melanorhinus boekei Metzelaar, 1919
- Melanorhinus cyanellus Meek & Hildebrand, 1923
- Melanorhinus microps Poey, 1860
- Genus Menidia Bonaparte, 1836
- Menidia beryllina Cope, 1867
- Menidia clarkhubbsi Echelle & Mosier, 1982
- Menidia colei Hubbs, 1936
- Menidia conchorum Hildebrand & Ginsburg, 1927
- Menidia extensa Hubbs & Raney, 1946
- Menidia menidia Linnaeus, 1766
- Menidia peninsulae Goode & Bean, 1879
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Chirostoma (phylogenetically within the genus Menidia )
- Chirostoma aculeatum Barbour, 1973
- Chirostoma arge Jordan & Snyder, 1899
- Chirostoma attenuatum Meek, 1902
- Chirostoma bartoni Jordan & Evermann, 1896
- Chirostoma chapalae Jordan & Snyder, 1899
- Chirostoma charari de Buen, 1945
- Chirostoma compressum de Buen, 1940
- Chirostoma consocium Jordan & Hubbs, 1919
- Chirostoma contrerasi Barbour, 2002
- Chirostoma copandaro de Buen, 1945
- Chirostoma estor Jordan, 1880
- Chirostoma grandocule Steindachner, 1894
- Chirostoma humboldtianum Valenciennes, 1835
- Chirostoma jordani Woolman, 1894
- Chirostoma labarcae Meek, 1902
- Chirostoma lucius Boulenger, 1900
- Chirostoma melanoccus Alvarez, 1963
- Chirostoma patzcuaro Meek, 1902
- Chirostoma promelas Jordan & Snyder, 1899
- Chirostoma reseratum Alvarez, 1963
- Chirostoma riojai Solórzano & López, 1966
- Chirostoma sphyraena Boulenger, 1900
- Chirostoma zirahuen Meek, 1902
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Poblana (phylogenetically within the genus Menidia )
- Poblana alchichica de Buen, 1945
- Poblana ferdebueni Solórzano & López, 1965
- Poblana letholepis Alvarez, 1950
- Poblana squamata Alvarez, 1950
- Genus Labidesthes Cope, 1870
- Tribus Membradini Chernoff, 1986
- Genus Membras Bonaparte, 1836
- Membras analis Schultz, 1948
- Membras argentea Schultz, 1948
- Membras gilberti Jordan & Bollman, 1890
- Membras martinica Valenciennes, 1835
- Membras vagrans Goode & Bean, 1879
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Atherinella (phylogenetically within the genus Membras )
- Atherinella alvarezi Díaz-Pardo, 1972
- Atherinella ammophila Chernoff & Miller, 1984
- Atherinella argentea Chernoff, 1986
- Atherinella balsana Meek, 1902
- Atherinella beani Meek & Hildebrand, 1923
- Atherinella blackburni Schultz, 1949
- Atherinella callida Chernoff, 1986
- Atherinella chagresi Meek & Hildebrand, 1914
- Atherinella colombiensis Hubbs, 1920
- Atherinella crystallina Jordan & Culver, 1895
- Atherinella elegans Chernoff, 1986
- Atherinella eriarcha Jordan & Gilbert, 1882
- Atherinella guatemalensis Günther, 1864
- Atherinella guija Hildebrand, 1925
- Atherinella hubbsi Bussing, 1979
- Atherinella jiloaensis Bussing, 1979
- Atherinella lisa Meek, 1904
- Atherinella marvelae Chernoff & Miller, 1982
- Atherinella meeki Miller, 1907
- Atherinella milleri Bussing, 1979
- Atherinella nepenthe Myers & Wade, 1942
- Atherinella nesiotes Myers & Wade, 1942
- Atherinella nocturna Myers & Wade, 1942
- Atherinella pachylepis Günther, 1864
- Atherinella pallida Fowler, 1944
- Atherinella panamensis Steindachner, 1875
- Atherinella pellosemeion Chernoff, 1986
- Atherinella sallei Regan, 1903
- Atherinella sardina Meek, 1907
- Atherinella schultzi Alvarez & Carranza, 1952
- Atherinella serrivomer Chernoff, 1986
- Atherinella starksi Meek & Hildebrand, 1923
- Genus Membras Bonaparte, 1836
- Tribus Menidiini Schultz, 1948
- Notocheirinae Schultz subfamily , 1950
- Genus Notocheirus Clark, 1937
- Notocheirus hubbsi Clark, 1937
- Genus Notocheirus Clark, 1937
literature
- Joseph S. Nelson : Fishes of the World. 4th edition. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken NJ et al. 2006, ISBN 0-471-25031-7 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Odontesthes bonariensis on Fishbase.org (English)
- ↑ Menidia colei on Fishbase.org (English)
- ↑ Daniela Campanella, Lily C. Hughes, Peter J. Unmack, Devin D. Bloom, Kyle R. Piller, Guillermo Ortí: Multi-locus fossil-calibrated phylogeny of Atheriniformes (Teleostei, Ovalentaria). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, March 2015, doi: 10.1016 / j.ympev.2015.03.001 .
- ↑ Notocheirus hubbsi on Fishbase.org (English)
Web links
- Newworldly ear fish on Fishbase.org (English)