Non-pulmonary sound

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Non-pulmonary sounds are speech sounds that, in contrast to the pulmonary, do not flow directly from the lungs through the vocal tract when they are generated . Since vowels are determined by an unobstructed flow of pulmonary air, all non-pulmonary sounds are consonants . In phonetics , the non-pulmonary sounds can be divided into three classes, the ejectives, the clicks and the implosives, distinguished by an egressive or ingressive air flow when they are generated. There are no non-pulmonary sounds in German phonetics .

Classification of non-pulmonary sounds, sorted according to the air flow mechanism:

Non-pulmonary sounds with ingressive airflow

Click

Clicks (also known as " clicks ") are generated by forming two locks: a primary lock, which determines the characteristic sound of the sound, and a secondary lock, which is needed with the back of the tongue to generate the ingressive airflow required. To make the sound, the speaker lowers the tongue in the area between the velar and primary closure. As a result, a negative pressure arises which bursts the primary closure. The air flowing in to equalize the pressure creates the auditory impression.

Sounds of this class occur mainly in the Khoisan languages spoken in southern Africa . But they are not unknown in Europe either, but only occur there in a paralinguistic function.

Implosive

In terms of articulation , implosives are more or less a mirror image of the ejectives discussed below . In implosives, the larynx is raised when the closure is formed and abruptly lowered to produce the sound. The resulting negative pressure creates an ingressive flow of air that bursts the closure.

Implosives can be found in Sindhi , for example .

Non-pulmonary sounds with egressive airflow

Ejectives

The ejectives are created by forming an occlusion above the glottis . Simultaneously with the formation of the closure, the glottis itself is closed and the larynx is lowered. The subsequent rapid lifting of the larynx causes the occlusion to burst due to the excess pressure that is created.

Ejectives can be found as speech sounds mainly in several Indian languages, but also in some languages ​​of the Caucasus, such as Georgian .

literature

  • Bernd Pompino-Marschall: Introduction to Phonetics. de Gruyter, Berlin 1995, ISBN 3-11-018020-0 .