Notoungulata

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Notoungulata
Skeleton of Toxodon in the Bernardino Rivadavia Natural Sciences Museum

Skeleton of Toxodon in the Bernardino Rivadavia Natural Sciences Museum

Temporal occurrence
Upper Paleocene to Pleistocene
55 million years to 10,000 years
Locations
Systematics
Mammals (mammalia)
Higher mammals (Eutheria)
Laurasiatheria
Scrotifera
South American ungulates (Meridiungulata)
Notoungulata
Scientific name
Notoungulata
Ameghino , 1889

The Notoungulata ( Gr . Nótos 'south' and úngula 'hoof') are a group of extinct mammals that belong to the South American ungulates (Meridiungulata). They lived in South America during the Cenozoic and died out in the Pleistocene .

features

The Notoungulaten were the most diverse group among the now extinct South American ungulates. Their broad, flat skull and peculiarities of the ear region were characteristic. The largest representatives (genus Toxodon ) reached the size of today's rhinos, small forms like Pachyrukhos resembled today's hares .

Development history

Like the other South American ungulates, the Notoungulata have their origins in South America and have remained almost entirely restricted to this continent. Only in the Pleistocene, shortly before the last members of the taxonomic group died out, did they reach the North American continent with Mixotoxodon . It used to be assumed that representatives of this order also occurred in North America and China in the Paleocene, because the family of the Arctostylopidae was counted among the Notoungulates. Today, however, these are regarded as a separate order.

The most original group of the Notoungulata are the Notioprogonia, which occurred from the Upper Paleocene to the Middle Eocene . The three later lines of the Notoungulaten developed from the Notioprogonia. One of these were the Toxodonta, which included the genus Toxodon , which survived into the late Pleistocene. A very peculiar form of the Toxodonta was Homalodotherium from the Miocene Patagonia. This large, heavily built animal had powerful grave claws on its forefeet and was probably reminiscent of the also extinct Chalicotheria from the order of the odd ungulate .

Other toxodonts were Thomashuxleya , an ancestral form from the Eocene, as well as Scaritta from the Oligocene and Nesodon from the Miocene . Another group of notoungulata that Typotheria, reminiscent of large rodents or Hyrax , reaching the size of a black bear . They were common from the Paleocene to the Pleistocene. The last group were the Hegetotheria, who looked like rabbits .

Since South America was isolated from the other continents for a long period of time in the Tertiary, the Notoungulates, like many other South American mammalian groups, were able to develop undisturbed and occupy numerous niches. They produced a total of 13 families with over 100 genera. Like many other South American mammals, most of the Notoungluaten became extinct when a land connection between South and North America was established in the late Pliocene. They were no match for the species that migrated from North America. As one of the few genera, Toxodon showed itself to be equal to the new immigrants and survived the American fauna exchange. But a few million years later, at the end of the Pleistocene, it also died out, which meant that the order of the Notoungulata was extinguished.

Internal system

The internal system according to McKenna & Bell:

  • Order Notoungulata Roth , 1903
  • Family Toxodontidae Owen , 1845
    Distribution areas of the Toxodontidae
  • Piauhytherium Guérin & Faure , 2013
  • Falcontoxodon Carrillo, Amson, Jaramillo, Sánchez, Quiroz, Cuartas, Rincón & Sánchez-Villagra , 2018

literature

  • TS Kemp: The Origin & Evolution of Mammals. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2005, ISBN 0-19-850761-5 .
  • Arno Hermann Müller : Textbook of paleozoology. Volume 3: Vertebrates. Part 3: Mammalia. 2nd, revised and expanded edition. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena 1989, ISBN 3-334-00223-3 .
  • Malcolm C. McKenna and Susan K. Bell: Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. Columbia University Press, New York NY 1997, ISBN 0-231-11013-8 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Malcolm C. McKenna and Susan K. Bell: Classification of mammals above the species level. Columbia University Press, New York, 1997, pp. 1-631 (pp. 455-466)
  2. ↑ Ana Natalia Zimicz, Mercedes Fernández, Mariano Bond, Laura Chornogubsky, Michelle Arnal, Magalí Cárdenas and Juan Carlos Fernicola: Archaeogaia macachaae gen. Et sp. nov., one of the oldest Notoungulata Roth, 1903 from the early-middle Paleocene Mealla Formation (Central Andes, Argentina) with insights into the Paleocene-Eocene south American biochronology. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 2020, p. 102772, doi: 10.1016 / j.jsames.2020.102772
  3. ^ Nicolás Bauzá, Javier N. Gelfo and Guillermo M. López: Early steps in the radiation of notoungulate mammals in southern South America: A new henricosborniid from the Eocene of Patagonia. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 64, 2019, doi: 10.4202 / app.00565.2018
  4. ↑ Jennifer Bradham, John J. Flynn, Darin A. Croft and Andre R. Wyss: New notoungulates (Notostylopidae and basal toxodontians) from the early Oligocene Tinguiririca fauna of the Andean Main Range, central Chile. American Museum Novitates 3841, 2015, pp. 1-24
  5. ↑ Bruce J. Shockey, John J. Flynn, Darin A. Croft, Phillip Gans and André R. Wyss: New Leontiniid Notoungulata (Mammalia) from Chile and Argentina: Comparative Anatomy, Character Analysis, and Phylogenetic Hypotheses. American Museum Novitates 3737, 2012, pp. 1-64
  6. ↑ María V. Deraco, Jaime E. Powell and Guillermo Lopez: Primer leontínido (Mammalia, Notoungulata) de la Formación Lumbrera (Subgroup Santa Bárbara, Grupo Salta-Paleógeno) del noroeste Argentina. Ameghiniana 45 (1), 2008, pp. 83-91
  7. ↑ Esperanza Cerdeño and Bárbara Vera: A new Leontiniidae (notoungulata) from the Late Oligocene beds of Mendoza Province, Argentina. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 13 (11), 2015, pp. 943-962
  8. ↑ Bruce J. Shockey: New leontinidids (Class Mammalia, Order Notoungulata, Family Leontiniidae) from the Salla beds of Bolivia (Deseadan, Late Oligocene). Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History 45 (4), 2005, pp. 249-260
  9. ^ A b André R. Wyss, John J. Flynn and Darin A. Croft: New Paleogene notohippids and leontiniids (Toxodontia; Notoungulata; Mammalia) from the Early Oligocene Tinguiririca Fauna of the Andean Main Range, central Chile. American Museum Novitates 3903, 2018, pp. 1–42, doi: 10.1206 / 3903.1
  10. ↑ Esperanza Cerdeño and Bárbara Vera: Mendozahippus fierensis, gen. Et sp. nov., New Notohippidae (Notoungulata) from the Late Oligocene of Mendoza (Argentina). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30 (6), 2010, pp. 1805-1817
  11. ^ Guillermo M. López, Ana Maria Ribeiro and Mariano Bond: The Notohippidae (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from Gran Barranca: preliminary considerations. In: Richard H. Madden, Alfredo A. Carlini, Maria Guiomar Vucetich and Richard F. Kay (Eds.): The Paleontology of Gran Barranca. Evolution and environmental change through the Middle Cenozoic of Patagonia. Cambridge University Press, 2010, pp. 143-151
  12. ^ Claude Guérin and Martine Faure: Un nouveau Toxodontidae (Mammalia, Notoungulata) du Pléistocène supérieur du Nordeste du Brésil. Geodoversitas 35 (1), 2013, pp. 155-205
  13. ^ Juan D. Carrillo, Eli Amson, Carlos Jaramillo, Rodolfo Sánchez, Luis Quiroz, Carlos Cuartas, Aldo F. Rincón and Marcelo R. Sánchez-Villagra: The Neogene record of northern South American native ungulates. Smithsonian contributions to paleobiology 101, 2018, pp. 1–67
  14. ^ A b Richard H. Madden: A new toxodontid notoungulate. In: Richard F. Kay, Richard H. Madden, Richard L. Cifelli, and John J. Flynn (Eds.): Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics. The Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1997, pp. 335-354
  15. ↑ Norma L. Nasif, Sebastían Musalem and Esperanza Cerdeño: A new toxodont from the Late Miocene of Catamarca, Argentina, and phylogenetic analysis of the Toxodontidae. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20 (3), 2000, pp. 591-600
  16. ^ Daniel A. García López and Jaime E. Powell: Griphotherion peiranoi, gen. Et sp. nov., A New Eocene Notoungulata (Mammalia, Meridiungulata) from Northwestern Argentina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 31 (5), 2011, pp. 1117-1130
  17. ↑ Guillermo M. López, Javier N. Gelfo, Nicolás Bauzá, Mariano Bond and Marcelo F. Tejedor: Biochron and diversity of Archaeopithecidae (Mammalia, Notoungulata) and a new genus and species from the Eocene of Patagonia, Argentina. Ameghiniana, 2020, doi: 10.5710 / AMGH.18.01.2020.3291
  18. ^ Daniel A. García-López and Jaime E. Powell: Un nuevo Oldfieldthomasiidae (Mammalia: Notoungulata) del Paleógeno de la provincia de Salta, Argentina. Ameghiniana 46 (1), 2009, pp. 153-164
  19. ↑ a b Ralph B. Hitz, John J. Flynn and André R. Wyss: New Basal Interatheriidae (Typotheria, Notoungulata, Mammalia) from the Paleogene of Central Chile. American Museum Novitates 3520, 2006, pp. 1-32
  20. ↑ Guillermo M. López and Mariano Bond: Un nuevo Notopithecinae (Notoungulata, Typotheria) del Terciario Inferior de la Puna, Argentina. Studia Geológica Salmanticensia 31, 1995, pp. 87-99
  21. ^ A b Ralph B. Hitz, Marcelo A. Reguero, André R. Wyss and John J. Flynn: New interatheriines (Interatheriidae, Notoungulata) from the Paleogene of Central Chile and Southern Argentina. Fieldiana: Geology (New Series) 42, 2000, pp. 1-26
  22. ↑ In it, A. Croft and Federico Anaya: A new typothere notoungulate, Juchuysillu arenalesensis (Mammalia: Interatheriidae), from the Miocene Nazareno Formation of southern Bolivia. Ameghiniana, 2020, doi: 10.5710 / AMGH.11.01.2020.3271
  23. ^ Mercedes Fernández, Juan C. Fernicola and Esperanza Cerdeño: The genus Patriarchus Ameghino, 1889 (Mammalia, Notoungulata, Typotheria), from the Santa Cruz Formation, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 39 (2), 2019, pp. E1613416, doi: 10.1080 / 02724634.2019.1613416
  24. ↑ a b Ralph B. Hitz, Guillaume Billet and Dewayne Derryberry: New Interatheres (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from the Late Oligocene Salla Beds of Bolivia. Journal of Paleontology 82 (3), 2008, pp. 447-469
  25. ↑ Esperanza Cerdeño, Bárbara Vera and Ana María Combina: A new early Miocene Mesotheriidae (Notoungulata) from the Mariño Formation (Argentina): Taxonomic and biostratigraphic implications. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 2018, doi: 10.1016 / j.jsames.2018.06.016
  26. Jump up ↑ John J. Flynn, Darin A. Croft, Reynaldo Charrier, André R. Wyss, Gérard Hérail and Marcelo García: New Mesotheriidae (Mammalia, Notoungulata, Typotheria), geochronology and tectonics of the Caragua area, northernmost Chile. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 19, 2005, pp. 55-74
  27. ^ A b Darin A. Croft, John J. Flynn and André R. Wyss: Notoungulata and Litopterna of the Early Miocene Chucal Fauna, Northern Chile. Fieldiana: Geology 50, 2004, pp. 1-52
  28. ↑ Marcelo A. Reguero, Darin C. Croft, Guillermo M. López and Ricardo N. Alonso: Eocene archaeohyracids (Mammalia: Notoungulata: Hegetotheria) from the Puna, northwest Argentina. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 26, 2008, pp. 225-233
  29. ↑ Marcelo A. Reguero and Esperanza Cerdeño: New Late Oligocene Hegetheriidae (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from Salla, Bolivia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25 (3), 2005, pp. 674-684

Web links

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