Numerical aperture

The numerical aperture (symbol , NA or nA , from Latin apertus , dt. Open ) describes the ability of an optical element to focus light . The term was introduced by the physicist Ernst Abbe . In the case of lenses , it determines the minimum size of the light spot that can be generated in its focus and is therefore an important parameter that limits the resolution . ${\displaystyle A_{\text{N}}}$

Mathematical description and connection with the resolving power

Half the object-side opening angle α for determining the numerical aperture in the optical imaging of an object point O to O 'with refraction of the marginal rays at the main plane H of a field lens

The numerical aperture results from the product of the sine of half the object-side opening angle ( acceptance angle ) and the refractive index n of the material between the objective and focus (see also immersion (microscopy) ): ${\displaystyle A_{\text{N}}}$ ${\displaystyle \alpha }$

${\displaystyle A_{\text{N}}=n\cdot \sin \alpha }$

The numerical aperture is therefore a dimensionless quantity , i.e. a pure numerical value.

An optical element, such as an objective, is characterized by its magnification , its numerical aperture, the optical working distance and the rear imaging distance. Mathematically correct, the opening angle is determined by a diaphragm in the rear focal plane of the lens, but the construction of the first lens is the limiting factor. This is also approximately correct, as explained in the context of Fraunhofer diffraction . It is noteworthy that the object under the microscope is so small that the lens, which is usually only 1 mm away, is in the far field, as the near field only extends over the range of a few wavelengths.

The maximum resolution is the minimum distance between two distinguishable structures . In microscopy, the size of the focus is limited by diffraction and is proportional to the wavelength of the light used and inversely proportional to the numerical aperture: ${\displaystyle d_{\rm {min}}}$ ${\displaystyle \lambda }$

${\displaystyle d_{\text{min}}={\frac {1{,}22\cdot \lambda }{2\cdot A_{\text{N}}}}={\frac {0{,}61\cdot \lambda }{A_{\text{N}}}}}$

As a rule of thumb, there is the following relationship for estimating the maximum resolution:

${\displaystyle d_{\text{min}}\approx {\frac {\lambda }{A_{\text{N}}}}}$

In a vacuum or in air and with a large opening angle ( ) the estimate is: ${\displaystyle n\approx 1\rightarrow A_{\text{N}}\lesssim 1}$

${\displaystyle d_{\text{min}}\approx \lambda }$

Enlargement of the numerical aperture

Numerical aperture in the microscope: in air and for a medium with ${\displaystyle \alpha '}$ ${\displaystyle \alpha }$ ${\displaystyle n>1}$

In air (for example with a telescope) with the numerical aperture is always smaller than one. However, it can assume values ​​greater than one if the space between the sample to be microscoped and the microscope lens is filled with an immersion liquid whose refractive index is greater than one. Often water ( ), glycerine ( ) or oil ( ) is used. With microscopes, the numerical aperture usually increases with the magnification of the objective, the high-magnification objectives (90x, 100x, and with high-resolution objectives also 40x and 60x) accordingly need immersion liquid between the objective and the object (cover glass). ${\displaystyle n=1}$ ${\displaystyle n=1{,}33}$ ${\displaystyle n=1{,}47}$ ${\displaystyle n=1{,}51}$

Practical context

With optical waveguides , too , the numerical aperture is described by the sine of the acceptance angle (sometimes also the collimation / divergence angle) of the fiber and corresponds to the opening of the conical light bundle emerging from the end face of the fiber.

In the case of optical images, other effects such as aberrations or other imaging errors are often so great that the theoretically possible resolution that can be calculated using the numerical aperture cannot be achieved. As a compromise, the critical aperture is often set at which the greatest resolution can be achieved in practice with a given lens. It is similar in photography, where the aperture ratio is often given instead of the numerical aperture . In contrast to the numerical aperture, however, the aperture ratio relates to the aperture angle on the image side (see aperture ratio and f-number ).

The resolution can be increased beyond the diffraction limit by utilizing non-linear reactions of the molecules, for example with the analysis methods STORM , dSTORM , STED or (f) PALM .

literature

• Ernst Leitz: microscopes . Verlag Leitz, 1897, Chapter Numerical Aperture , p. 10.
• Ernst Abbe : The theory of how images are created in the microscope . edited by Otto Lummer and Fritz Reiche, Vieweg Verlag, 1910.
• Rainer Danz: Numerical aperture, immersion and beneficial magnification (PDF; 397 kB) . In: innovation. 15, Carl Zeiss AG, 2005, pp. 12-16.

Web links

• Microscope . In: Physics internship. Technical University of Dresden (PDF file; 415 kB)

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Eugene Hecht: Optics . 4th edition, Verlag Oldenbourg, 2005, ISBN 3-486-27359-0 , chapter 5.7 Optical systems , p. 357.