Orussidae

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Orussidae
Orussus coronatus Fabricius, 1798, younger synonym of O. abietinus (Scopoli, 1763) [1]

Orussus coronatus Fabricius, 1798, younger synonym of O. abietinus (Scopoli, 1763)

Systematics
Class : Insects (Insecta)
Order : Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera)
Subordination : Plant wasps ("Symphyta")
Superfamily : Orussoidea
Family : Orussidae
Scientific name
Orussidae
Newman , 1834

The Orussidae are a small family of hymenoptera parasitic hymenoptera. Currently there are about 85 worldwide extant and four fossil species known in Europe six. In Germany Orussus abietinus , O. unicolor and Pseudorussus henschii occur. In general, Orussidae are rarely collected. They are obviously subject to strong population fluctuations. Since the adults love warmth and are active at the hottest time of the day, they are usually not collected by plant wasp specialists . Orussidae have a number of special features. They are the only plant wasps with a parasitoid way of life, while this way of life is the rule among the waist wasps (Apocrita) and has probably contributed significantly to the evolutionary success of this subordination with well over 130,000 described species.

Adults

The winged adults are 2 to 23 millimeters long. The animals are predominantly black. Chalinus , Mocsarya and Orussobaius species are more or less metallic in color. Some species are colored red on the thorax or abdomen . Many Orussus species have white spots on their legs. The antennae of the males have eleven, those of the females ten. The modified distal antennae of the females (member 9 enlarged, member 10 small) are related to the echolocation of the host larvae hidden in the wood. In contrast to other plant wasps, the antennae are located at the lower edge of the complex eyes near the mandibles . The mandibles are orthognathic with no distinct teeth. The number of buttons ( palps ) of the maxilla and the labium are different. The veining of the wings is characterized by the characteristic regression of some cross veins. As with many plant wasps, the wings are fixed in the rest position by specialized holding devices ("Cenchri") on the upper side of the thorax. The entire body is very heavily sclerotized and has a surface structure that is characteristic of the species. The ovipositor of the females is very long (about twice the length of the body) and hidden inside the body. In the resting position, it lies internally over the abdomen and into the trunk (thorax) to the front.

Orussidae and Stephanidae are the only Hymenoptera in which the head around the frontal ocellus has a ring of upright teeth. In contrast to the Orussidae, Stephanidae have no cenchri. Mesosoma and Metasoma are separated in the Stephanidae by a wasp waist, which the Orussidae lack.

Larvae

The larvae of the Orussidae show due to their parasitic way of life inside the drill holes in the wood some regressions in the body, which they mostly have in common with the larvae of the Apocrita (waist wasps). They are white in color, mostly somewhat flattened and predominantly soft-skinned with a clearly recognizable, sclerotized head capsule. The mouthparts are directed downwards (hypognathic). Both the eyes and the legs are completely regressed and missing. The surface of the body bears a transverse row of backward-pointing thorns on all (easily recognizable) segments. Of the mouthparts, the mandibles in particular are well developed and severely sclerotized. There are neither maxillary nor labial palps .

Way of life

The biology of the larvae is known for only a few species. Orussidae are parasitoids of wood-dwelling beetles or hymenoptera larvae, especially larvae of jewel beetles , longhorn beetles , sword wasps and wood wasps . The females probably recognize the larvae primarily by means of vibrations in the wood, which are caused by the feeding activity. In addition to the antennae, the front legs (subgenual organ) also serve as sensory organs. You can often see them running around at high speed on the surface of uncontaminated dead wood. Once a host is located, they then drill through the wood with the ovule to the larva. In some species there are indications that the hole can be drilled into the larvae's feeding duct if the beetle larva cannot be reached directly. The orussid larva must then crawl through the passage to the host larva. It can eat its way through blockages through meal. The extent to which this material can possibly contribute to the nutrition of at least the young larval stages is controversial. The female lays a single egg per hole, which is unusually large and can reach the volume of the female abdomen. The hatched larva feeds on the beetle larva (ectoparasitoid) from the outside, initially sparing vital organs, but ultimately these are killed.

Systematics

The traditional subordination “Symphyta” or “Plant Wasps” is undoubtedly a paraphyletic group. The approximately 9000 species are a summary of all basal, morphologically original hymenoptera. The Apocrita are therefore not the sister group of the entire plant wasps. Numerous studies now indicate that the Orussidae represent the sister group. The parasitoid way of life did not first develop with the waist wasps, but with their common ancestor with the Orussidae.

The Orussidae are placed in their own superfamily Orussoidea. Some earlier systematists placed them in their own subordination, which is then called "Idiogastra". Traditionally, other placements, e.g. B. within the wood wasps, but are not justified according to the rules of phylogenetic systematics, because they are based exclusively on morphologically original features ( plesiomorphies ). The sister group relationship with the Apocrita is also strongly supported by molecular pedigrees (using homologous DNA sequences). The sister group of the taxon formed by Orussidae + Apocrita is not safe. Possibly it is the superfamily of the Xiphydrioidea , with the family of the sword wasps (Xiphydriidae).

Species in Germany

The following species are known from Germany:

These types can be determined with Kraus (1998).

Species worldwide

A key to the recent genera was published by Vilhemsen (2003).

  • Argentophrynopus Vilhelmsen & DR Smith, 2002: 2 species, Costa Rica and probably Mexico. Taxonomy: Vilhelmsen & Smith (2002)
  • Baltorussus Schedl, 2011: 1 fossil species, Baltorussus velteni Schedl, 2011, Baltic amber. Taxonomy: Schedl (2011)
  • Chalinus Konow, 1897: 10 species, Afrotropis . Taxonomy: Vilhelmsen (2001), Vilhelmsen (2005)
  • Guiglia Benson, 1938: 7 species in Australis , Guiglia chiliensis Benson, 1955 in Chile. Taxonomy: Vilhelmsen & Smith (2002)
  • Kulcania Benson, 1935: 2 species in Colombia, Costa Rica, Mexico and the USA. Taxonomy: Vilhelmsen & Smith (2002)
  • Leptorussus Benson, 1955: 3 species in the Afrotropic ecozone . Taxonomy: Vilhelmsen (2003), Vilhelmsen (2007)
  • Mesorussus Rasnitsyn, 1977: 1 fossil species, Mesorussus taimyrensis Rasnitsyn, 1977. Taxonomy: Rasnitsyn (1977)
  • Minyorussus Basibuyuk, Quicke & Rasnitsyn, 2000: 1 fossil species, Minyorussus luzzii Basibuyuk, Quicke & Rasnitsyn, 2000. Taxonomy: Basibuyuk et al. (2000)
  • Mocsarya Konow, 1897: 2 species, Mocsarya metallica (Mocsáry, 1896) in Indonesia and Sri Lanka, Mocsarya syriaca Benson, 1936 in Greece and Turkey (not in Syria!). Taxonomy: Vilhelmsen (2001)
  • Ophrella Middlekauff, 1985: 2 species, O. amazonica (Westwood, 1874) in French Guiana, Brazil and Panama, O. eldorado Vilhelmsen, 2013 in French Guiana. Taxonomy: Vilhelmsen & Smith (2002), Vilhelmsen et al. (2013)
  • Ophrynon Middlekauff, 1983: 4 species in California (USA). Taxonomy: Vilhelmsen & Smith (2002), Blank et al. (2010)
  • Ophrynopus Konow, 1897 (Synonym: Stirocorsia Konow, 1879): 16 species in Japan, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, the Philippines, Papua New Guinea and in the Neotropic . Taxonomy: Vilhelmsen & Smith (2002), Vilhelmsen et al. (2013)
  • Orussella Benson, 1935: 1 species, Orussella dentifrons (Philippi, 1873) in Argentina and Chile. Taxonomy: Vilhelmsen (2003)
  • Orussobaius Benson, 1938: 9 species in Australis , Papua New Guinea and the Tanimbar Islands . Taxonomy: Schmidt & Vilhelmsen (2002), Blank & Vilhelmsen (2016)
  • Orussonia Riek, 1955: 2 species in Australia. Taxonomy: Schmidt & Gibson (2001)
  • Orussus Latreille, 1797: 27 species in the Holarctic and the Oriental . Taxonomy: Vilhemsen (2003; Welt), Blank et al. (2006, O. abietinus and O. smithi ), Vilhelmsen et al. (2013; world)
  • Pedicrista Benson, 1935: 1 species, Pedicrista hyalina Benson, 1935 from Malawi, South Africa and Zimbabwe. Taxonomy: Vilhelmsen (2003)
  • Pseudoryssus Guiglia, 1954: 2 species in the Western Palearctic . Taxonomy: Kraus (1998)

Fossils

Ophrynopus peritus Engel, 2008 was described from Dominican amber, Baltorussus velteni Schedl, 2011 from Baltic amber, Mesorussus taimyrensis Rasnitsyn, 1977 from the Late Cretaceous from Taimyr, Siberia and Minyorussus luzzii Basibuyuk, Quicke & Rasnitsyn, 2000 from the Late Cretaceous New Jersey. From the Middle and Younger Jurassic from Germany (clay pit near Grimmen ) and China, fossils have been found that combine features of the Orussoidea and the more basal Apocrita like a mosaic, so that it is not possible to assign them to one of these lines. The splitting of the lines, and thus the origin of the recent Orussidae and Apocrita, can therefore be assumed with some certainty in the Jura.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Curtis, J. 1833: British Entomology; being illustrations and descriptions of the genera of Insects found in Great Britain and Ireland: containing Colored Figures from Nature of the most rare and beautiful species, and in many instances of the plants upon which they are found. London, published by the Author 10 (part 109-120): each [2] p. Text on each board; Plates 434–481.
  2. ↑ a b Blank, SM, Groll, EK, Liston, AD, Prous, M. & Taeger, A. 2012: ECatSym - Electronic World Catalog of Symphyta (Insecta, Hymenoptera). Program version 4.0 beta, data version 39 (December 18, 2012). Digital Entomological Information, Müncheberg
  3. ↑ a b Taeger, A., Blank, SM & Liston, AD 2006: European Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) - A Species Checklist for the Countries. Pp. 399-504. In: Blank, SM; Schmidt, S. & Taeger, A. (eds.): Recent Sawfly Research: Synthesis and Prospects. Goecke & Evers, wine presses.
  4. ↑ Liston, AD, Jansen, E., Blank, SM, Kraus, M. & Taeger, A. 2012: Red List and List of Complete Species of Plant Wasps (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) in Germany. As of March 2011. pp. 489–556. In: Binot-Hafke, M., Balzer, S., Becker, N., Gruttke, H., Haupt, H., Hofbauer, N., Ludwig, G. & Strauch, M. 2012: Red List of Endangered Animals, Plants and mushrooms in Germany. Invertebrates Part 1. Conservation and biological diversity, Bonn-Bad Godesberg 70 (3).
  5. ↑ Burger, F. & Taeger, A. 1994: Current evidence of Orussus abietinus (Scopoli, 1763) (Hymenoptera, Orussidae). Brandenburg Entomological News 2 (1): 61-62.
  6. ↑ Vilhelmsen, L., Isidoro, N., Romani, R., Basibuyuk, HH & Quicke, DLJ 2001: Host location and oviposition in a basal group of parasitic wasps: the subgenual organ, ovipositor apparatus and associated structures in the Orussidae ( Hymenoptera, Insecta). Zoomorphology 121: 63-84.
  7. ↑ a b c Kraus, M. 1998: The Orussidae of Europe and the Middle East (Hymenoptera: Orussidae). Pp. 283-300. In: Taeger, A. & Blank, SM (eds): Plant wasps in Germany (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). Annotated inventory. Goecke & Evers, wine presses.
  8. ↑ Vilhelmsen, L. & Turrisi, GF 2011: Per arborem ad astra: Morphological adaptations to exploiting the woody habitat in the early evolution of Hymenoptera. Arthropod Structure & Development 40: 2-20. doi : 10.1016 / j.asd.2010.10.001
  9. ↑ a b Vilhelmsen, L. 2001: Phylogeny and classification of the extant basal lineages of the Hymenoptera (Insecta). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 131: 393-442
  10. ↑ Sharkey, MJ, Carpenter, JM, Vilhelmsen, L., Heraty, J., Liljeblad, J., Dowling, APG, Schulmeister, S., Murray, D., Deans, AR, Ronquist, F., Krogmann, L ., Wheeler, WC 2012: Phylogenetic relationships among superfamilies of Hymenoptera. Cladistics 28: 80-112. doi : 10.1111 / j.1096-0031.2011.00366.x
  11. ↑ a b c d e Vilhelmsen, L. 2003: Phylogeny and classification of the Orussidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera), a basal parasitic wasp taxon. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 139: 337-418.
  12. ↑ a b c d e f Vilhelmsen, L. & Smith, DR 2002: Revision of the 'ophrynopine' genera Argentophrynopus gen. N., Guiglia Benson, Kulcania Benson, Ophrella Middlekauff, Ophrynon Middlekauff, Ophrynopus Konow, and Stirocorsia Konow (Hymenoptera : Orussidae). Insect Systematics & Evolution 33 (4): 387-420.
  13. ↑ a b Schedl, W. 2011: An Orussidae from Baltic amber (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Journal of the Association of Austrian Entomologists 63: 33-36.
  14. ↑ a b Vilhelmsen, L. 2001: Systematic revision of the genera Chalinus Konow, 1897 and Mocsarya Konow, 1897 (Hymenoptera: Orussidae). Insect Systematics & Evolution 32: 361-380
  15. ↑ Vilhelmsen, L. 2005: Chalinus albitibialis , a new species of Orussidae (Insecta, Hymenoptera) from Morocco. Zootaxa 880: 1-7
  16. ↑ Vilhelmsen, L. 2007: The Phylogeny of Orussidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) Revisited. Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 65: 111-118.
  17. ^ Rasnitsyn, AP 1977: Novye pereponchatokrylye iz jury i mela Azii. [New Hymenoptera from the Jurassic and Cretaceous of Asia.] (In Russian). Paleontologicheskij Zhurnal [1977] (3): 98-108.
  18. ↑ Basibuyuk, HH, Quicke, DLJ & Rasnitsyn, AP 2000: A new genus of the Orussidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) from Late Cretaceous New Jersey amber. Pp. 305-311. In: Grimaldi, D. (ed.): Studies on Fossils in Amber, with Particular Reference to the Cretaceous of New Jersey. Leiden: Backhuys publ.
  19. ↑ a b c Vilhelmsen, L., Blank, SM, Costa, VA, Alvarenga, TM & Smith, DR 2013: Phylogeny of the ophrynopine clade revisited: review of the parasitoid sawfly genera Ophrella Middlekauff, Ophrynopus Konow and Stirocorsia Konow (Hymenoptera: Orussidae). Invertebrate Systematics 27 (4): 450-483.
  20. ↑ Blank, SM & Vilhelmsen, L. & Smith, DR 2010: Ophrynon (Hymenoptera: Orussidae) in California: diversity, distribution and phylogeny. Insect Systematics & Evolution 41: 3-27.
  21. ^ Schmidt, S. & Vilhelmsen, L. 2002: Revision of the Australasian genus Orussobaius Benson (Hymenoptera: Symphyta: Orussidae). Australian Journal of Entomology 41: 226-235.
  22. ↑ Blank, SM & Vilhelmsen, L. 2016: Two new parasitoid wasp species of the Australasian genus Orussobaius (Hymenoptera: Orussidae). Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 74 (1): 83-103. PDF
  23. ↑ Schmidt, S. & Gibson, GAP 2001: A New Species of the Genus Orussonia Riek and the Female of O. depressa Riek (Hymenoptera: Symphyta, Orussidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 10: 113-118.
  24. ^ Blank, SM, Kraus, M. & Taeger, A. 2006: Orussus smithi sp. n. and Notes on Other West Palaearctic Orussidae (Hymenoptera). Pp. 265-278. In: Blank, SM; Schmidt, S. & Taeger, A. (eds): Recent Sawfly Research: Synthesis and Prospects. Goecke & Evers, wine presses.
  25. ↑ Vilhelmsen, L., Blank SM, Liu, Z.-W. & Smith, DR 2013: Discovery of new species confirms Oriental origin of Orussus Latreille (Hymenoptera: Orussidae). Insect Systematic & Evolution, 44: 1-41.
  26. ↑ Engel, MS 2008: An orussid wood wasp in amber from the Dominican Republic (Hymenoptera: Orussidae). Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Sciences 111 (1/2): 39-44.
  27. ^ Rasnitsyn, AP 1977: Novye pereponchatokrylye iz jury i mela Azii. Paleontologicheskij Zhurnal (3): 98-108.
  28. ↑ Basibuyuk, HH; Quicke, DLJ; Rasnitsyn, AP 2000: A new genus of the Orussidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) from Late Cretaceous New Jersey amber. In: Grimaldi, D .: Studies on Fossils in Amber, with Particular Reference to the Cretaceous of New Jersey. Leiden: Backhuys Publ.: 305-311
  29. ↑ Rasnitsyn, AP, Ansorge, J. & Zhang, H. 2006: Ancestry of the orussoid wasps, with description of three new genera and species of Karatavitidae (Hymenoptera = Vespida: Karatavitoidea stat. Nov.). Insect Systematics and Evolution 37 (2): 179-190.