PPGIS

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P ublic P articipation G eographic I nformation S ystem ( public participation geographic information system - Public participatory GIS ) generally describes a geographic information system (GIS), especially in the non- privileged groups can play an active role. This enables a broad public to use special geographic information systems. Geographic information systems are generally understood to be the graphical representation of data from a database using a map. Nowadays, PPGIS is basically an online, map-based and participatory application with the participation of different actors in order to make certain processes visible, for example the participation of young people in urban planning surveys or the independent mapping of an informal settlement by its residents. As a method in geography , the PPGIS are still relatively new and have only been used mainly in the USA and Canada since the mid-1990s.

Historical development

In 1996 the National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis (NCGIA) held a meeting entitled "GIS and Society: The Social Implications of How People, Space, Environment Are Represented in GIS". The aim of this meeting was to critically examine geographic information systems with regard to their social and political level due to their progressive development. The background to this was, among other things, the so-called GIS Wars and various reviews of the handling of geographic information systems. One of the main points was to overcome power asymmetries as a goal.
For the question of a more precise definition of Public Participation GIS, a separate workshop was scheduled after this meeting. The aim of this workshop was to develop applications to which socially weaker groups in particular should have access. Before these two major conferences there were already projects that were not yet referred to as PPGIS, but were very similar in principle and functionality. These were carried out with the help of technologies that were new at the time. Today, PPGIS is defined as an increasingly important instrument to get direct information about social, societal, political or economic attributes of certain places, places or the like. Although various authors have already tried it, a real, firm and lexicon-ready definition is still not available.

Today's term

Nowadays, PPGIS is primarily understood to mean the voluntary participation of a (socially disadvantaged) public in certain processes, such as urban planning activities or in solving fundamental problems, for example mapping an informal settlement through land use to optimizing the location of waste disposal for nuclear power plants. According to today's definition of PPGIS, PPGIS is mostly used by organized groups (e.g. grassroot groups) in the global south. With the help of the population, information is collected in order to be kept up-to-date on their situation. These so-called grassroots movements use PPGIS applications to, among other things, distribute resources more efficiently. In contrast to this, PPGIS is mainly used in developed countries to increase the local spatial knowledge about a certain place, especially from the point of view of groups that are otherwise ignored. All PPGIS applications have the goal of public participation in geographic information systems, taking into account the social, political and ecological contexts of the study area. You can have many different groups work on the most varied of problems within a project with simple means and still be open to a broader public and make every process transparent. The variety of questions and the actual implementation are mainly limited only by the creativity of the questioner. PPGIS is designed to work 'with' and 'for' the affected communities rather than 'across' the communities.
This term of PPGIS is still used very indistinctly, especially in German-speaking countries. The border to VGI (Volunteered Geographic Information) is no longer clearly recognizable, especially in the last example of the article (KuLIS), although it calls itself PPGIS.

Differentiation from conventional GIS

While conventional GIS applications make up a large part of all GIS applications, users of PPGIS are trying to develop a countercurrent to it. One widespread criticism has been that conventional GIS applications are made for technocrats . Leaving social factors aside, there is a fundamental, abstract assumption that GIS projects are focused purely on their technology. Your goal is only the representation of collected geographic data. This is the very general difference to PPGIS. The focus here is mainly on individual and individual people or groups, while an interest of a purely technical nature should rather be placed second. The question of a 'why' shows to what extent PPGIS differs from "conventional" GIS applications. "Conventional" GIS is mainly used because 'you can do it' and innovations only come about when they are necessary. In this respect, PPGIS applications are more open to an exact question of a 'why' and the urge to try something new. The applications are made because, ideally, they are needed to improve the common good and can or even need to be reconsidered and improved if necessary.
One point in which the English-language literature in particular has a major focus is the so-called direction of action of PPGIS and 'usual' GIS. A distinction is made between bottom-up and top-down . The "bottom-up" direction of action is the 'classic' direction of action at PPGIS according to Renee Sieber. For the principle of a PPGIS application, this means that one first deals with the problems of individual people and / or groups in order to be able to grasp the overall problem of a region after a large number of (imaginary) individual solutions.
Projects set as "top-down" are seen more as normal GIS applications in which the public is subsequently involved. The information does not come directly from the general public, but from an authority or similar institutions. Thereby, the needs of individuals are less addressed, but rather an attempt is made to solve known problems and thus improve the quality of life of the larger group. In this way, certain patterns or relationships can be recognized from the collected data and displayed graphically on a map.
Such approaches are always limited by the respective legislation with regard to data protection or the like.

Practice of PPGIS methods

At the beginning of such a project the question arises as to what purpose this PPGIS application should pursue. Which result is aimed at, who should be involved in it, with what possibilities can a result be achieved?

Involved

As early as the 1990s, P. Schroeder defined PPGIS as a possibility for (non-privileged) groups to participate in geographic information systems and other spatial applications. In principle, everyone involved in a PPGIS should be so-called stakeholders in certain projects, decisions or the like. In a broader perspective, stakeholders are all individuals who influence this project or the like, or are influenced by it. However, in larger projects it is sometimes difficult to determine who is really acting as a stakeholder. Under certain circumstances this can lead to someone being passed over. It must also be ensured that every single stakeholder has the same opportunities and voices. The first 'P' for Public now stands for the broad mass of stakeholders who can all contribute their part to the projects if they want to. A PPGIS gets better the greater the participation in it. One of the most important points, which is still often neglected, is the confidence of the participants in the study and the creator himself that this could really improve their quality of life . Only in this way are they ready to deliver reliable results.

Implementation and evaluation

In order to stay within a framework and not to become too special, this section only deals with the basic way in which a PPGIS is theoretically to be produced with online-based map applications ( Google Maps , OpenStreetMap , ...). It must be noted here that a web-based application is now the 'typical' method, but not the only possible approach. The 'classic' variants with methods such as surveys are dealt with in their own articles. With the help of the Internet , you can get your results directly, easily and at relatively low cost. Particularly in geographic / cartographic projects there is the advantage that the participants can deliver very exact results. However, a web-based application can also greatly limit the number of participants, since not everyone has Internet access, for example. Newer programs such as Google Maps, OpenStreetMap or similar applications can be used as the basis for a web-based study due to their ease of use, their relatively high level of awareness and the simple transfer to GIS software. Depending on the question and the exact method used to carry it out, this can have advantages and disadvantages. In this way, in structurally well-developed regions, a large number of people can be reached with an Internet-based application. This is only possible on the condition that the affected groups both find out about this project and are motivated to take part in it. In addition, the user interface must be intuitively understandable and tailored to the respective group. Young people in industrialized nations, for example, have completely different demands and approaches than the same group of people in countries in the global south. The methods of evaluating data from PPGIS applications are similar to those for collecting other spatial data . The participants in these projects usually put markings on a map with the data relevant to them. On the one hand, statistical abnormalities can be found from this data or one tries to determine certain patterns within the study from the overall result.

Potential

Realizing projects with the help of PPGIS has a lot of potential. This starts with a much larger and ideally more easily accessible number of participants. In this country it is already being discussed whether an internet connection is one of the basic needs and basic rights , if everyone should theoretically be accessible via it. In this way, local voices can bring themselves and their knowledge to the project planning that might have been ignored beforehand. Overall, the votes can be distributed more fairly among all those involved without preferring one group. The second big advantage of the PPGIS applications is the high degree of customization for the people taking part. You can put your own markings and smaller texts (such as post-its ) in the online cards. This allows users to design the maps exactly the way that best suits their needs with the help of dynamic web 2.0 maps. In this way, users can contribute their own personal experiences and pass them on to all other participants and the creators of the project. However, an objective evaluation can sometimes be difficult with very individually designed maps.

Examples of PPGIS applications

In the following section, three examples of PPGIS projects will be discussed in more detail. The focus is on their structure, their objectives and the result. These examples are also intended to show how diverse the term has meanwhile been defined and used. Starting with the typical example of working with socially disadvantaged groups to a project that is specially designed for young people and finally a project that no longer addresses socially disadvantaged people, but rather aims to gain knowledge about a certain region in many ways Respect to expand. In the last example, a differentiation from VGI is no longer clearly recognizable.

Map Kibera

The Map Kibera project was started in 2009 by residents of the Kibera settlement. The Kenyan government and Google did not have sufficient and reliable mapping of Kibera . The first idea to map Kibera came from a group of experts in the GIS industry in Nairobi. A small group of activists from the informal settlements started to map them on OpenStreetMap. On the Kibera map, important places are marked for the residents, such as drinking water points or public toilets. This idea was initially received with skepticism by the population, but the advantages of mapping for the residents soon became clear and a large number of them actively participate in this participatory method. Not only the residents use this card, but also suppliers of water and food. Since only very few residents have an Internet connection, the residents collect the data directly in the field and then add it to the map afterwards via Internet cafés or the like. In the meantime, one can say that Kibera maps itself, so the creators set the priorities of the map themselves. The map Kibera is a very lively project that was initially initiated by experts and then continued by the underprivileged population, and thus led to it has that there is at least one usable map of Kibera.

Youth room

The second example is a PPGIS project by the Institute for Spatial Development at the University of Applied Sciences Rapperswil ( Rapperswil-Jona , Canton St. Gallen ). There is a high potential for conflict in urban planning , especially with young people , because they can easily feel left out. In order to counteract the problem of exclusion of young people, a public survey of young people was carried out as part of a project study by the institute there. In addition, a PPGIS application was put online, which will be briefly discussed below. With the help of this application, a map was designed to support the public surveys, on which the young people could enter the places that were important to them. You should put relatively subjective markings on a card, such as "I feel good there ;-)" or "I don't feel good there ;-(". This PPGIS application can still be accessed today (→ See web links). The PPGIS was more of a supplement to this project, which was supposed to confirm the results of the survey and, above all, to map out where the young people really need to act. In addition, this PPGIS application found places for young people that the authors of this study hadn't noticed before.

Pens

The last example differs in that this time it was less about the participation of non-privileged groups, but about an innovative internet platform of the Institute for Spatial Information and Measurement Technology at the Mainz University of Applied Sciences . It is therefore not a classic PPGIS in the sense of the actual definition, but is derived from it and actually belongs to VGI . At KuLIS (→ see web links), abbreviated for cultural landscape information system, anyone can voluntarily, after a short registration, enter information, so-called VGI (Volunteered Geographic Information). However, the correctness of this information should be critically questioned, as it is not possible to immediately check how correct this information is. On the one hand, the general public has the opportunity to find out more about the cultural landscape in the vicinity of their own living space and, on the other hand, to enter information themselves. In return, the state of Rhineland-Palatinate receives information about its own cultural landscape. These are used for the local LEP (state development program ) in order to be able to choose locations for wind turbines far away from culturally and touristically valuable places, for example.

literature

  • Sarah Elwood: GIS, Public Participation. In: Rob Kitchin and Nigel Thrift (Eds.): International Encyclopedia of Human Geography. Elsevier, Amsterdam 2009, ISBN 0080449115 , pp. 520-525
  • Raimund Kemper, Sabine Friedrich, Gabriela Muri and Viktoria Slukan. Youth space - appropriation of public spaces by young people. Monsenstein and Vannerdat, Münster 2009, ISBN 978-3-86991-581-4
  • Nancy Obermeyer: PPGIS: The Evolution of Public Participation GIS. 1998, ( online ).
  • Renee Sieber: Public Participation Geographic Systems: A Literature Review and Framework. In: Association of American Geographers (AAG) (Ed.): Annals of the Association of American Geographers Vol. 96, No. 3. Washington DC 2006, pp. 491-507

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Nancy Obermeyer: PPGIS: The Evolution of Public Participation GIS. 1998, ( online ). P. 3
  2. ↑ Raimund Kemper, Sabine Friedrich, Gabriela Muri and Viktoria Slukan. Youth space - appropriation of public spaces by young people. Monsenstein and Vannerdat, Münster 2009, ISBN 978-3-86991-581-4 . P. 103
  3. ^ Renee Sieber: Public participation geographic information systems across borders. In: Nadine Schuurman (ed.): The Canadian Geographer / Le Géographe canadien , ( 47, no. 1 ), 2003, 50–61. P. 51
  4. ^ National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis (ed.): GIS and Society: The Social Implications of How People, Space and Environment Are Represented in GIS. ( online ). P. 1
  5. ↑ Raimund Kemper, Sabine Friedrich, Gabriela Muri and Viktoria Slukan. Youth space - appropriation of public spaces by young people Monsenstein and Vannerdat, Münster 2009, ISBN 978-3-86991-581-4 . P. 103
  6. ^ Nancy Obermeyer: PPGIS: The Evolution of Public Participation GIS. 1998, ( online ). P. 2
  7. ^ Renee Sieber: Public Participation Geographic Systems: A Literature Review and Framework. In: Association of American Geographers (AAG) (Ed.): Annals of the Association of American Geographers Vol. 96, No. 3. Washington DC 2006, pp. 491-507. P. 492
  8. ^ Renee Sieber: Public Participation Geographic Systems: A Literature Review and Framework. In: Association of American Geographers (AAG) (Ed.): Annals of the Association of American Geographers Vol. 96, No. 3. Washington DC 2006, pp. 491-507. P. 493
  9. ↑ Ryerson University (ed.) (Undated): Case Studies of PPGIS. URL: http://www.geography.ryerson.ca/students/mbird/casestudies.htm (accessed October 26, 2013)
  10. ^ Matthias Uhler, Hartmut Müller and Falk Wuerriehausen: Quality management of cultural landscape information . 2013, ( paper_gis_open / 537533080.pdf online ). P. 638
  11. ^ Daniel Weiner, Trevor M. Harris and William J. Craig (2002): Community Participation and Geographic Information Systems. 2002, ( online ). P. 2
  12. ^ Sarah Elwood: GIS, Public Participation. In: Rob Kitchin and Nigel Thrift (Eds.): International Encyclopedia of Human Geography. Elsevier, Amsterdam 2009, ISBN 0080449115 , pp. 520-525. P. 520
  13. ↑ Amy Pocewicz, Max Nielsen-Pincus, Greg Brown and Russ Carver: An Evaluation of Internet Versus Paper-based Methods for Public Participation Geographic Information System (public participation geographic information system) . In: John P. Wilson, David O'Sullivan and Alexander Zipf: Transactions in GIS ( 16 (1) ). Wiley and Blackwell, Washington DC 2012, pp. 39-53. P. 40
  14. ^ Daniel Weiner, Trevor M. Harris and William J. Craig (2002): Community Participation and Geographic Information Systems. 2002, ( online ). P. 1
  15. ↑ Amy Pocewicz, Max Nielsen-Pincus, Greg Brown and Russ Carver: An Evaluation of Internet Versus Paper-based Methods for Public Participation Geographic Information System (public participation geographic information system) . In: John P. Wilson, David O'Sullivan and Alexander Zipf: Transactions in GIS ( 16 (1) ). Wiley and Blackwell, Washington DC 2012, pp. 39-53. P. 40
  16. ↑ Emma J. Stewart, Dan Jacobsen and Dianne Draper: Public participation geographic informaten systems (PPGIS): challenges of implementation in Churchill, Manitoba. In: Nadine Schuurman (ed.): The Canadian Geographer / Le Géographe canadien ( 52, no. 3 ), Wiley and Blackwell, 2008, 351–364 p. 353
  17. ^ Renee Sieber: Public participation geographic information systems across borders. In: Nadine Schuurman (ed.): The Canadian Geographer / Le Géographe canadien , ( 47, no. 1 ), 2003, 50–61. P. 52
  18. ^ Renee Sieber: Public participation geographic information systems across borders. In: Nadine Schuurman (ed.): The Canadian Geographer / Le Géographe canadien , ( 47, no. 1 ), 2003, 50–61. P. 52
  19. ^ Renee Sieber: Public participation geographic information systems across borders. In: Nadine Schuurman (ed.): The Canadian Geographer / Le Géographe canadien , ( 47, no. 1 ), 2003, 50–61. P. 52
  20. ^ Renee Sieber: Public participation geographic information systems across borders. In: Nadine Schuurman (ed.): The Canadian Geographer / Le Géographe canadien , ( 47, no. 1 ), 2003, 50–61. P. 52
  21. ^ Renee Sieber: Public participation geographic information systems across borders. In: Nadine Schuurman (ed.): The Canadian Geographer / Le Géographe canadien , ( 47, no. 1 ), 2003, 50–61. P. 52
  22. ^ Sarah Elwood: GIS, Public Participation. In: Rob Kitchin and Nigel Thrift (Eds.): International Encyclopedia of Human Geography. Elsevier, Amsterdam 2009, ISBN 0080449115 , pp. 520-525. P. 521
  23. ^ Renee Sieber: Public Participation Geographic Systems: A Literature Review and Framework. In: Association of American Geographers (AAG) (Ed.): Annals of the Association of American Geographers Vol. 96, No. 3. Washington DC 2006, pp. 491-507. P. 493
  24. ^ Renee Sieber: Public Participation Geographic Systems: A Literature Review and Framework. In: Association of American Geographers (AAG) (Ed.): Annals of the Association of American Geographers Vol. 96, No. 3. Washington DC 2006, pp. 491-507. P. 495
  25. ^ Renee Sieber: Public participation geographic information systems across borders. In: Nadine Schuurman (ed.): The Canadian Geographer / Le Géographe canadien , ( 47, no. 1 ), 2003, 50–61. P. 52
  26. ↑ Norman Bowie and Patricica Werhane: Management Ethics. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford 2004, ISBN 978-0-631-21473-1 , p. 26
  27. ^ Renee Sieber: Public Participation Geographic Systems: A Literature Review and Framework. In: Association of American Geographers (AAG) (Ed.): Annals of the Association of American Geographers Vol. 96, No. 3. Washington DC 2006, pp. 491-507. P. 496
  28. ↑ Emma J. Stewart, Dan Jacobsen and Dianne Draper: Public participation geographic informaten systems (PPGIS): challenges of implementation in Churchill, Manitoba. In: Nadine Schuurman (ed.): The Canadian Geographer / Le Géographe canadien ( 52, no. 3 ), Wiley and Blackwell, 2008, 351–364. P. 359
  29. ↑ Amy Pocewicz, Max Nielsen-Pincus, Greg Brown and Russ Carver: An Evaluation of Internet Versus Paper-based Methods for Public Participation Geographic Information System (public participation geographic information system) . In: John P. Wilson, David O'Sullivan and Alexander Zipf: Transactions in GIS ( 16 (1) ). Wiley and Blackwell, Washington DC 2012, pp. 39-53. P. 40
  30. ↑ Amy Pocewicz, Max Nielsen-Pincus, Greg Brown and Russ Carver: An Evaluation of Internet Versus Paper-based Methods for Public Participation Geographic Information System (public participation geographic information system) . In: John P. Wilson, David O'Sullivan and Alexander Zipf: Transactions in GIS ( 16 (1) ). Wiley and Blackwell, Washington DC 2012, pp. 39-53. P. 41
  31. ↑ Raimund Kemper, Sabine Friedrich, Gabriela Muri and Viktoria Slukan. Youth space - appropriation of public spaces by young people. Monsenstein and Vannerdat, Münster 2009, ISBN 978-3-86991-581-4 . P. 107
  32. ↑ Amy Pocewicz, Max Nielsen-Pincus, Greg Brown and Russ Carver: An Evaluation of Internet Versus Paper-based Methods for Public Participation Geographic Information System (public participation geographic information system) . In: John P. Wilson, David O'Sullivan and Alexander Zipf: Transactions in GIS ( 16 (1) ). Wiley and Blackwell, Washington DC 2012, pp. 39-53. P. 41
  33. ↑ Amy Pocewicz, Max Nielsen-Pincus, Greg Brown and Russ Carver: An Evaluation of Internet Versus Paper-based Methods for Public Participation Geographic Information System (public participation geographic information system) . In: John P. Wilson, David O'Sullivan and Alexander Zipf: Transactions in GIS ( 16 (1) ). Wiley and Blackwell, Washington DC 2012, pp. 39-53. P. 44
  34. ↑ Raimund Kemper, Sabine Friedrich, Gabriela Muri and Viktoria Slukan. Youth space - appropriation of public spaces by young people. Monsenstein and Vannerdat, Münster 2009, ISBN 978-3-86991-581-4 . P. 105
  35. ↑ Raimund Kemper, Sabine Friedrich, Gabriela Muri and Viktoria Slukan. Youth space - appropriation of public spaces by young people. Monsenstein and Vannerdat, Münster 2009, ISBN 978-3-86991-581-4 . P. 104
  36. ↑ Raimund Kemper, Sabine Friedrich, Gabriela Muri and Viktoria Slukan. Youth space - appropriation of public spaces by young people. Monsenstein and Vannerdat, Münster 2009, ISBN 978-3-86991-581-4 . P. 105
  37. ^ Map Kibera Trust: Our Work - Methods ( online ).
  38. ↑ Rebekah Heacock: Map Kibera 2010 ( online ).
  39. ↑ Rebekah Heacock: Map Kibera 2010 ( online ).
  40. ↑ Rebekah Heacock: Map Kibera 2010 ( online ).
  41. ↑ Raimund Kemper, Sabine Friedrich, Gabriela Muri and Viktoria Slukan. Youth space - appropriation of public spaces by young people. Monsenstein and Vannerdat, Münster 2009, ISBN 978-3-86991-581-4 . P. 12
  42. ^ University of Applied Sciences Rapperswil (ed.) (2011): Public Participation. URL: Archived copy ( Memento of the original dated February 22, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (accessed on September 17, 2013) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.jugend-raum.ch
  43. ^ Matthias Uhler, Hartmut Müller and Falk Wuerriehausen: Quality management of cultural landscape information . 2013, ( paper_gis_open / 537533080.pdf online ). P. 639
  44. ^ Matthias Uhler, Hartmut Müller and Falk Wuerriehausen: Quality management of cultural landscape information . 2013, ( paper_gis_open / 537533080.pdf online ). P. 639