Placentitis

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Classification according to ICD-10
O41.1 Infection of the amniotic sac and membranes
- placentitis
ICD-10 online (WHO version 2019)

A placentitis is an infection of the placenta .

etiology

One placentitis causing infections are usually vaginally with premature rupture of the amnion transmitted. Infection rarely takes place via the blood, i.e. when the fetal membranes are intact . Syphilis used to be a common cause of placentitis . The placenta was infected through the blood.

The placentite is mostly triggered by bacterial pathogens. Usually these are β-hemolytic streptococci of group B, staphylococci , enterococci , listeria or coli bacteria ( Escherichia coli ).

In contrast to almost all other bacteria, listeria can get across the placenta into the fetus . Placentitis then develops. The germs can attack the fetus from the placenta. This is particularly at risk due to the lack of defense mechanisms. Depending on the stage of pregnancy, the child may have an abortion or infections in various organs (e.g. liver , lungs , brain or skin ). The child is then either stillborn or with the infection. Infected children also have only a small chance of survival.

Bacteria from the chlamydial family can also cause placentitis. Cases of the gram-negative bacterium Coxiella burnetii which cause Q fever have also been described.

In addition to bacterial pathogens, viruses (for example the human cytomegalovirus (HZMV)) and fungi (for example Aspergillus fumigatus or Candida albicans ) can also cause placentitis.

Placentitis in veterinary medicine

While placentitis plays a subordinate role in human medicine , it is very widespread in veterinary medicine . In horses, for example, placentitis is the leading cause of fetal and neonatal death. In a study with over 3,500 mares, placentitis was found to be the cause in 1/3 of the cases.

The primary cause of placentitis in horses is infection of the placenta with Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus .

Placentitis can mean the death of the fruit. The frequency of abortions is 10 to 20%. It is very likely that the mother will transmit the infection to the fetus that lives on.

therapy

The treatment of placentitis depends on the type of pathogen and the clinical symptoms. The type of pathogen is determined in laboratory tests. The therapy is naturally particularly delicate in an existing pregnancy. If the CRP value is increased and the body temperature is normal, the administration of antibiotics must be discussed. If the child has a fever and signs of severe inflammation, the birth of the child may be urgent. Even if there is a high risk of premature birth. Antibiotics are also necessary in these cases.

Ampicillin and amoxicillin , for example , are used as antibiotics . However, the antibiotic is tailored to the type of pathogen in each individual case.

literature

  • SM Landwehr: The clinical significance of nonspecific chronic placentitis in comparison with chorioamnionitis. Dissertation, 1997, University of Bonn
  • CB Hong, JM Donahue, RC Giles, MB Petrites-Murphy, KB Poonacha, AW Roberts, BJ Smith, RR Tramontin, PA Tuttle, TW Swerczek: Etiology and pathology of equine placentitis . In: Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation . Official Publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc. Volume 5 , no. 1 , 1993, ISSN  1040-6387 , pp. 56–63 , PMID 8466982 ( vdi.sagepub.com [PDF; accessed June 5, 2016]).
  • G. Altshuler: Placental infection and inflammation. In: Pathology of the placenta. 1984, pp. 141-163.
  • PB Juliano, MHSL Blotta, AMA Altemani: ICAM-1 is Overexpressed by Villous Trophoblasts in Placentitis . In: Placenta . tape 27 , no. 6-7 , June 2006, pp. 750-757 , doi : 10.1016 / j.placenta.2005.07.008 .
  • WA Blanc: Pathways of fetal and early neonatal infection, viral placentitis, bacterial and fungal chorioamnionitis. In: Pediat. 59, 1961, pp. 473-496.
  • A. Chatterjee, SA Chartrand, CJ Harrison, A. Felty-Duckworth, C. Bewtra: Severe intrauterine herpes simplex disease with placentitis in a newborn of a mother with recurrent genital infection at delivery . In: Journal of Perinatology . Official Journal of the California Perinatal Association. tape 21 , no. 8 , December 2, 2001, p. 559-564 , doi : 10.1038 / sj.jp.7210573 , PMID 11774021 .
  • J. Kopp: Investigations into connections between Coxiella burnetii and chlamydia infections in cattle herds and the people working on these farms. Dissertation, FU Berlin, 2000 ( diss.fu-berlin.de ).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Christine Dubuis-Grieder: Inflammation of the placenta. In: Embrology.ch. 2005, accessed March 7, 2008 .
  2. ^ Listeriosis and pregnancy. Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg , December 19, 2003, accessed on March 7, 2008 .
  3. ↑ H. Bostedt: Calvations - still a problem in cattle herds . In: Die Milchpraxis . No. 28 . Mann, Gelsenkirchen-Buer 1990, p. 204-206 .
  4. ^ Andreas Stein, Didier Raoult : Q Fever During Pregnancy: A Public Health Problem in Southern France . In: Clinical Infectious Diseases . tape 27 , no. 3 . University of Chicago Press, Chicago September 1998, pp. 592-596 , doi : 10.1086 / 514698 .
  5. ↑ Thomas Löning, Lutz Riethdorf: Pathology of the uterus, the vagina and vulva . In: Pathology of the female genital organs . tape 3 . Springer, Berlin a. a. 2001, ISBN 3-540-66372-X , pp. 200 .
  6. ↑ Anke Redlich, Ulrich Arnold, Johannes Schmitt: Importance of virus diagnostics in pregnancy . In: Obstetrics and gynecology . tape 63 . Thieme, 2003, ISSN  0016-5751 .
  7. ^ HE Jensen, J. Hau: Murine mycotic placentitis produced by intravenous inoculation of conidia from Aspergillus fumigatus . In: in vivo . tape 4 , no. 4 (July-August). In vivo, 1990, ISSN  0258-851X , p. 247-252 , PMID 2103368 .
  8. ↑ DA Schwartz, S. Reef: Candida albicans placentitis and funisitis: early diagnosis of congenital candidemia by histopathologic examination of umbilical cord vessels . In: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal . tape 9 , no. 9 , September 1, 1990, pp. 661-665 , PMID 2235191 .
  9. ↑ ML Macpherson: Diagnosis and treatment of equine placentitis. In: Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. No. 3, 2006, pp. 763-776.
  10. ^ ML Macpherson: Treatment strategies for mares with placentitis. In: Theriogenology. No. 64, 2005, pp. 528-534.
  11. ↑ Neospora Caninum: A recent abortion pathogens in cattle. ( Memento of the original from September 28, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on vetion.de, from December 28, 2003. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.vetion.de
  12. ↑ G. Schares: Danger in the feed - calving due to infections with Neospora caninum. ( Memento of the original from December 13, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF) In: Milchpraxis. No. 4, 2003, pp. 176-178. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / 212.87.35.103
  13. ↑ Amnionitis, chorioamnionitis, inflammation of the membranes, placentitis, infection of the amniotic sac and the membranes. ( Memento from December 13, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) aok.de, January 2007.
  14. ↑ CS Bailey: Treatment efficacy of trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole, pentoxifylline, and altrenogest in equine placentitis. In: Theriogenology. 68, 2007, pp. 516-517.