Hexathelidae
Hexathelidae | ||||||||||||
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Scientific name of the superfamily | ||||||||||||
Hexatheloidea | ||||||||||||
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Scientific name of the family | ||||||||||||
Hexathelidae | ||||||||||||
Simon , 1892 |
The Hexathelidae is the only family in the superfamily Hexatheloidea and belongs to the tarantula-like (Mygalomorphae). Some representatives of this spider family are potentially dangerous to humans. In addition to the Hexathelidae, this article also deals with the families Atracidae , Macrothelidae and Porrhothelidae , whose genera were previously assigned to the Hexathelidae.
description
These spiders are relatively large and between 10 and 50 millimeters in length. The body is typically three times as long as it is wide. They are dark in color, with the color ranging from dark brown to black. The spinnerets are very long and look like small legs. The eyes sit close together on an eyebrow.
Like all animals of the Mygalomorphae , they have downward-facing chelicerae . Their poison depot is in the chelicerae, which are relatively large and strong for arachnids. It is said that they bite through thin fingernails, such as those of children, without any problems.
habitat
Most of the Hexathelidae spiders are found in Australia , New Zealand and Asia . The species Macrothele calpeiana occurs in North Africa and Spain , there are two species in South America and two more live in Central Africa.
The representatives of this family typically live in self-dug burrows or knotholes. The entrance to the cave is usually always processed by yourself. The spiders take a walk which they spin out with a web. This behavior also occurs in other tarantula species . Due to the size of the spiders, these cobweb-lined tubes are very noticeable. That is the reason why they are called "funnel-web spiders" in the English-speaking world . ("funnel" for funnel and "web" for network). The caves are mainly found near natural rocks. They therefore like to come close to houses, where they can find suitable niches in gardens or on the wall of a house. They are nocturnal.
Toxicity
There are three genera that are dangerous to humans. The best known are the genus Atrax with the well-known representative Atrax robustus and the genus Hadronyche , which occur in Australia and on the islands of the South Pacific. The third genus with toxic effects for humans is macrothele - this occurs mainly in Taiwan and in the eastern parts of Asia .
Systematics
Hexathelidae according to Raven, 1980
According to Raven , the family comprises 12 genera.
- Atrax O. Pickard-Cambridge , 1877
- Bymainiella Raven , 1978
- Hadronyche L. Koch , 1873
- Hexathele Ausserer , 1871
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Illawarra Gray , 2010
- Illawarra wisharti Gray , 2010
- Macrothele Ausserer , 1871
- Mediothele Raven & Platnick , 1978
- Paraembolides Raven , 1980
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Plesiothele Raven , 1978
- Plesiothele fentoni ( Hickman , 1936)
- Porrhothele Simon , 1892
Hexathelidae s.str. according to Hedin, 2018
Hedin et al. rewrote the Hexthelidae in 2018 and set up three new families, whose genera were previously assigned to the Hexathelidae. The original Hexathelidae sensu Raven resulted in the Hexathelidae s.str., Atracidae, Macrothelidae and Porrhothelidae.
Family Hexathelidae s.str.
The World Spider Catalog lists for the Hexathelidae s.str. currently 7 genera and 45 species. (As of December 2018)
-
Bymainiella Raven , 1978
- Bymainiella lugubris Raven , 1978
- Bymainiella monteithi Raven , 1978
- Bymainiella polesoni Raven , 1978
- Bymainiella terraereginae ( Raven , 1976)
-
Hexathele Ausserer , 1871
- Hexathele cantuaria Forster , 1968
- Hexathele cavernicola Forster , 1968
- Hexathele exemplar Parrott , 1960
- Hexathele hochstetteri Ausserer , 1871
- Hexathele huka Forster , 1968
- Hexathele huttoni Hogg , 1908
- Hexathele kohua Forster , 1968
- Hexathele maitaia Forster , 1968
- Hexathele nigra Forster , 1968
- Hexathele otira Forster , 1968
- Hexathele para Forster , 1968
- Hexathele petriei Goyen , 1887
- Hexathele pukea Forster , 1968
- Hexathele putuna Forster , 1968
- Hexathele ramsayi Forster , 1968
- Hexathele rupicola Forster , 1968
- Hexathele taumara Forster , 1968
- Hexathele waipa Forster , 1968
- Hexathele waita Forster , 1968
- Hexathele wiltoni Forster , 1968
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Mediothele Raven & Platnick , 1978
- Mediothele anae Ríos & Goloboff , 2012
- Mediothele australis Raven & Platnick , 1978
- Mediothele lagos Ríos & Goloboff , 2012
- Mediothele linares Ríos & Goloboff , 2012
- Mediothele minima Ríos & Goloboff , 2012
- Mediothele nahuelbuta Ríos & Goloboff , 2012
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Paraembolides Raven , 1980
- Paraembolides boycei ( Raven , 1978)
- Paraembolides boydi ( Raven , 1978)
- Paraembolides brindabella ( Raven , 1978)
- Paraembolides cannoni ( Raven , 1978)
- Paraembolides grayi ( Raven , 1978)
- Paraembolides montisbossi ( Raven , 1978)
- Paraembolides tubrabucca ( Raven , 1978)
- Paraembolides variabilis ( Raven , 1978)
-
Plesiothele Raven , 1978
- Plesiothele fentoni ( Hickman , 1936)
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Scotinoecus Simon , 1892
- Scotinoecus cinereopilosus ( Simon , 1889)
- Scotinoecus fasciatus Tullgren , 1901
- Scotinoecus major Ríos & Goloboff , 2012
- Scotinoecus ruiles Ríos & Goloboff , 2012
-
Teranodes Raven , 1985
- Teranodes montanus ( Hickman , 1927)
- Teranodes otwayensis ( Raven , 1978)
Family Atracidae Hogg , 1901
The World Spider Catalog currently lists 3 genera and 35 species for the Atracidae. (As of December 2018)
-
Atrax O. Pickard-Cambridge , 1877
- Atrax robustus O. Pickard-Cambridge , 1877
- Atrax sutherlandi Gray , 2010
- Atrax yorkmainorum Gray , 2010
-
Hadronyche L. Koch , 1873
- Hadronyche adelaidensis ( Gray , 1984)
- Hadronyche alpina Gray , 2010
- Hadronyche annachristiae Gray , 2010
- Hadronyche ansses Raven , 2000
- Hadronyche cerberea L. Koch , 1873
- Hadronyche emmalizae Gray , 2010
- Hadronyche eyrei ( Gray , 1984)
- Hadronyche flindersi ( Gray , 1984)
- Hadronyche formidabilis ( Rainbow , 1914)
- Hadronyche infensa ( Hickman , 1964)
- Hadronyche jensenae Gray , 2010
- Hadronyche kaputarensis Gray , 2010
- Hadronyche lamingtonensis Gray , 2010
- Hadronyche levittgreggae Gray , 2010
- Hadronyche lynabrae Gray , 2010
- Hadronyche macquariensis Gray , 2010
- Hadronyche marracoonda Gray , 2010
- Hadronyche mascordi Gray , 2010
- Hadronyche meridiana Hogg , 1902
- Hadronyche modesta ( Simon , 1891)
- Hadronyche monaro Gray , 2010
- Hadronyche monteithi Gray , 2010
- Hadronyche nimoola Gray , 2010
- Hadronyche orana Gray , 2010
- Hadronyche pulvinator ( Hickman , 1927)
- Hadronyche raveni Gray , 2010
- Hadronyche tambo Gray , 2010
- Hadronyche valida ( Rainbow & Pulleine , 1918)
- Hadronyche venenata ( Hickman , 1927)
- Hadronyche versuta ( Rainbow , 1914)
- Hadronyche walkeri Gray , 2010
-
Illawarra Gray , 2010
- Illawarra wisharti Gray , 2010
Family Macrothelidae Simon , 1892
The World Spider Catalog currently lists only 1 genus with 32 species for the Macrothelidae. (As of May 2019)
-
Macrothele Ausserer , 1871
- Macrothele abrupta Benoit , 1965
- Macrothele alyrata ( Mirza, Sanap & Kunte , 2017)
- Macrothele amamiensis Shimojana & Haupt , 1998
- Macrothele bannaensis Xu & Yin , 2001
- Macrothele calpeiana ( Walckenaer , 1805)
- Macrothele camerunensis Simon , 1903
- Macrothele cangshanensis e.g. Yang, Zhao, Zhang & ZZYang , 2018
- Macrothele cretica Kulczyński , 1903
- Macrothele decemnotata Simon , 1909
- Macrothele drolshageni Özkütük , Elverici , Yağmur & Kunt , 2019
- Macrothele gigas Shimojana & Haupt , 1998
- Macrothele guizhouensis Hu & Li , 1986
- Macrothele holsti Pocock , 1901
- Macrothele hunanica Zhu & Song , 2000
- Macrothele incisa Benoit , 1965
- Macrothele jinlin E.g. Yang, Zhao, Zhang & ZZYang , 2018
- Macrothele maculata ( Thorell , 1890)
- Macrothele maculata annamensis Hogg , 1922
- Macrothele menglunensis Li & Zha , 2013
- Macrothele monocirculata Xu & Yin , 2000
- Macrothelial palpator Pocock , 1901
- Macrothele proserpina Simon , 1909
- Macrothele raveni Zhu , Li & Song , 2000
- Macrothele segmentata Simon , 1892
- Macrothele simplicata ( Saito , 1933)
- Macrothele taiwanensis Shimojana & Haupt , 1998
- Macrothele triangularis Benoit , 1965
- Macrothele variabiis Pavesi , 1898
- Macrothele vidua Simon , 1906
- Macrothele yaginumai Shimojana & Haupt , 1998
- Macrothele yani Xu, Yin & Griswold , 2002
- Macrothele yunnanica Zhu & Song , 2000
Family Porrhothelidae Hedin, Derkarabetian, Ramírez, Vink & Bond , 2018
The World Spider Catalog currently lists only 1 genus with 5 species for the Porrhothelidae. (As of December 2018)
-
Porrhothele Simon , 1892
- Porrhothele antipodiana ( Walckenaer , 1837)
- Porrhothele blanda Forster , 1968
- Porrhothele moana Forster , 1968
- Porrhothele modesta Forster , 1968
- Porrhothele quadrigyna Forster , 1968
literature
- Simon, E. (1892): Histoire naturelle des araignées. Paris. Vol. 1, pp. 1-256.
- Raven, RJ & Platnick, NI (1978): A new genus of the spider family Dipluridae from Chile (Araneae, Mygalomorphae). J. Arachnol. Vol. 6, pp. 73-77 ( PDF ).
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Raven, RJ (1980): The evolution and biogeography of the spider family mygalomorph hexathelidae (Araneae, Chelicerata). J. Arachnol. Vol. 8, pp. 251-266.
- ↑ Goloboff, Pablo A. (1993): A Reanalysis of Mygalomorph Spider Families (Araneae). American Museum Novitates, American Museum of Natural History.
- ↑ Hedin, M., Derkarabetian, S., Ramírez, MJ, Vink, C. & Bond, JE (2018): Phylogenomic reclassification of the world's most venomous spiders (Mygalomorphae, Atracinae), with implications for venom evolution. Scientific Reports. Vol. 8 (1636), pp. 1-7. doi: 10.1038 / s41598-018-19946-2 ( PDF ).
- ↑ Natural History Museum of the Burgergemeinde Bern: World Spider Catalog Version 19.5 - Hexathelidae . Retrieved December 22, 2018.
- ↑ Natural History Museum of the Burgergemeinde Bern: World Spider Catalog Version 19.5 - Atracidae . Retrieved December 22, 2018.
- ↑ Natural History Museum of the Burgergemeinde Bern: World Spider Catalog Version 20.0 - Macrothelidae . Retrieved May 14, 2019.
- ↑ Natural History Museum of the Burgergemeinde Bern: World Spider Catalog Version 19.5 - Porrhothelidae . Retrieved December 22, 2018.
Web links
Hexathelidae s.str. in the World Spider Catalog Atracidae in the World Spider Catalog Macrothelidae in the World Spider Catalog Porrhothelidae in the World Spider Catalog