Positive psychology

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The term positive psychology was introduced in 1954 by the American psychologist Abraham Maslow and taken up again in the 1990s by the American psychologist Martin Seligman . Unlike the traditional deficit-oriented psychology, the Positive psychology is concerned with the positive aspects of being human, so as to be happiness , optimism , sense of security , trust , individual strengths , forgiveness ( forgiveness ) or solidarity treated. The term now designates a movement (possibly a school ) within psychology.

Emergence

The term "Positive Psychology" was coined in 1954 by Abraham Maslow. Positive psychology ties in with ideas from humanistic psychology . Many of its aspects can already be found in resource-oriented psychotherapy. The view of the positive sides of human existence is not new in the history of scientific psychology, but the endeavor to establish a scientific foundation on a broad basis. In 1998, the term "positive psychology" regained popularity when the American psychologist Martin Seligman took up the concept of positive psychology and chose it as the theme for his tenure as president of the American Psychological Association .

Focus

In the US and Anglo-Saxon character strengths and play virtues ( virtues ) an important role in research on positive psychology. Christopher Peterson and Martin Seligman distinguish six virtues, to which a total of 24 character strengths are assigned:

  • Wisdom and knowledge (cognitive strengths): creativity , curiosity, open-mindedness, eagerness to learn, perspective
  • Courage (emotional strengths): bravery, perseverance, integrity, vitality
  • Humanity (interpersonal strengths): love , kindness, social intelligence
  • Justice (civil strengths): social responsibility, fairness , leadership
  • Moderation (strengths that protect against excesses): forgiveness and compassion, humility and modesty, prudence, self-regulation
  • Transcendence (spiritual strengths related to meaning): Appreciation of beauty and excellence, gratitude, hope, humor, spirituality.

Park, Peterson, and Seligman carried out numerous empirical studies related to the identification of human character strengths. In continental European research on positive psychology in the educational context, core qualities also play an important role, for example in studies on the promotion of people's personal abilities through positive activities.

Areas of application

Since the establishment of positive psychology, corporate practice has also made use of its findings, for example in the form of the positive leadership concept in the Anglo-Saxon region. Upbringing and education are other areas of application in which positive psychology is becoming increasingly important.

education

Positive psychology is not an integral part of university education in Germany. Up to now, basic and advanced training in the German-speaking area has mainly been carried out by private institutes. Since the 2018/2019 winter semester, the University of Trier has offered further education for the first time under the direction of Michaela Brohm-Badry : Future Management and Positive Change (ZUPO) - Positive Psychology, Education and Philosophy .

criticism

Positive psychology has come under fire. In particular, she is accused of adhering to an ideology under the guise of a "positive image of man", which proclaims a type of person according to the standards of economic exploitation and believes that it can reprogram people. In particular, the character test of positive psychology must meet the quality criteria of scientific psychology.

See also

literature

  • AE Auhagen (Ed.): Religiosity and Spirituality. Chapter positive psychology. Instructions for a "better" life. BeltzPVU, Weinheim 2004, ISBN 3-621-27555-X , pp. 67-85.
  • Michaela Brohm, Wolfgang Endres: Positive psychology in school: The "happiness revolution" in everyday school life. With 5x8 exercises for classroom practice . Beltz, Weinheim / Basel 2015, ISBN 978-3-407-62924-1 .
  • Michaela Brohm: Positive Psychology in Educational Institutions: Concepts and Strategies for Specialists and Managers (essentials) . Springer, Wiesbaden 2016, ISBN 978-3-658-13048-0 .
  • Rich Gilman, E. Scott Huebner, Michael J. Furlong (Eds.): Handbook of Positive Psychology in Schools. Routledge, New York 2009.
  • Stefanie Elfriede Haub: Positive Psychology: Attempting an ideology-critical content analysis - diploma thesis at the Alpen-Adria-Universität Klagenfurt, May 2011.
  • Franz-Josef Hücker, Margot Jung: Update on Positive Psychology. Is Positive Psychology a Guide to Happiness and Wellbeing? In: Social Extra . 38th year, 6, VS Verlag, Wiesbaden 2014, pp. 6-9.
  • Nansook Park, Christopher Petersen, Martin P. Seligman: Strengths of Character and Well-Being. In: Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. Volume 23, No. 5, 2004.
  • Anthony D. Ong, Manfred HM van Dulmen (Eds.): Oxford Handbook of Methods in Positive Psychology. Oxford University Press , Oxford 2007, ISBN 978-0-19-517218-8 .
  • Peter Alex Linley et al .: Character Strengths in the United Kingdom: The VIA Inventory of Strengths. In: Personality and Individual Differences. Volume 43, 2007.
  • Shane J. Lopez, Matthew W. Gallagher: A case for positive psychology. In: Shane J. Lopez, CR Snyder (Eds.): The Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology. 2nd Edition. Oxford University Press, New York 2009, ISBN 978-0-19-986216-0 , pp. 3-6.
  • Abraham H. Maslow: Motivation and personality . Brandeis University, New York 1954.
  • Peter Ruit, Fred Korthagen: Bewustwording en ontwikkeling van kernkwaliteiten bij leerlingen. In: Tijdschrift voor orthopedagogiek. 51, 2012. ( German translation of the article )
  • Christopher Peterson, Martin EP Seligman: Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification . Oxford University Press, Oxford 2004, ISBN 0-19-516701-5 .
  • Martin EP Seligman: The Luck Factor. Why optimists live longer . Lübbe 2005, ISBN 3-404-60548-9 .
  • Martin EP Seligman: Flourish - How people blossom . Kösel-Verlag, Munich 2012, ISBN 978-3-466-30934-4 .
  • Georg Steinmeyer: Thoughts are not free. Coaching: a review by Lukas Verlag, Berlin 2018, ISBN 978-3-867-32307-9
  • Michael Tomoff: Critically questioned - positive psychology - guarantee of success or beautiful painting? Springer, Wiesbaden 2017, ISBN 978-3-662-50386-7 .
  • Michaela Brohm-Badry , Corinna Pfeifer, Julian M. Greve (Eds.): Positive Psychological Research in German-speaking Countries - State of the Art . Pabst Science Publishers, Kengerich. 2017. ISBN 978-3-95853-310-3

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Shane J. Lopez, Matthew W. Gallagher: A case for positive psychology. In: Shane J. Lopez, CR Snyder (Eds.): The Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology. 2nd Edition. Oxford University Press, New York 2009, pp. 3-6.
  2. ^ Franz-Josef Hücker, Margot Jung: Update on Positive Psychology. Is Positive Psychology a Guide to Happiness and Wellbeing? In: Social Extra . 38th year, 6, VS Verlag, Wiesbaden 2014, pp. 6-9.
  3. ^ Abraham H. Maslow: Motivation and personality. Brandeis University, New York 1954.
  4. ^ Claudia Wallis: The Science of Happiness. Time Magazine, 2004, accessed July 22, 2019 .
  5. ↑ Christopher Peterson, Martin EP Seligman: Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. Oxford University Press , New York 2004.
  6. ^ Nansook Park, Christopher Peterson, Martin P. Seligman: Strengths of Character and Wellbeing. In: Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. Vol. 23 (5), 2004, pp. 603-619.
  7. ^ Nansook Park, Christopher Peterson, Martin P. Seligman, Reply Strengths of Character and Wellbeing: A Closer Look at Hope and Modesty. In: Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. Vol. 23 (5) 2004, pp. 628-634.
  8. ↑ P. Alex Linley et al.: Character Strengths in the United Kingdom: The VIA Inventory of Strengths. In: Personality and Individual Differences. Vol. 43 (2) 2007, pp. 341-351.
  9. ↑ Peter Ruit, Fred Korthagen: Bewustwording en ontwikkeling van kernkwaliteiten bij leerlingen. In: Tijdschrift voor orthopedagogiek. 51, 2012, pp. 491-505.
  10. ^ Rich Gilman, E. Scott Huebner, Michael J. Furlong (Eds.): Handbook of Positive Psychology in Schools. Routledge, New York 2009.
  11. ↑ University of Trier: Education and Training Sciences - Future Management and Positive Change. Retrieved July 13, 2018 .
  12. ↑ winter semester 2019/2020. In: Future Management and Positive Change. Retrieved January 10, 2019 (German).
  13. ↑ https://www.lukasverlag.com/ebooks/titel/493-die-gedanken-sind-nicht-frei.html
  14. ↑ https://www.psychologie-heute.de/beruf/39536-ideorien-statt-lösungen.html
  15. ↑ https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/55972/ssoar-psychges-2012-1-mayring-Zur_Kritik_der_Positiven_Psychologie.pdf?sequence=1
  16. ↑ https://www.mba-journal.de/coaching-unter-ideologieverdacht/