Wasps
| Wasps | ||||||||||||
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Disogmus areolator (Haliday). Plate 744 from John Curtis : British Entomology Vol. 3, 1823–40 |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Proctotrupidae | ||||||||||||
| Latreille , 1802 |
The sawfly , scientific name Proctotrupidae , is a medium-sized family of hymenoptera. Around 400 living species have been described worldwide (another 26 species as fossils), around 35 of them from Europe.
features
Denim wasps are wasps between 3 and 10 millimeters long. They are usually black in color, rarely partially reddish or yellowish. There are neither metallic colored species nor those with distinctive markings. The cuticle is mostly smooth and shiny all over the body, only on the propodeum , rarely also on the petiolus or the metapleurs (on the side of the trunk) there is a striking sculpture in many species, e.g. B. honeycomb-like fields, which is important for determining the species. The head carries thread-like antennae that are made up of 13 segments in both sexes. The mandibles usually have only one tooth. The edges of the complex eyes are parallel when viewed from the front. In addition, the head carries three ocelles , the lateral ones of which are more than their own diameter from the edge of the eye.
The middle section of the body (mesosoma) with the trunk bears a ring-shaped pronotum that extends from the hips of the front legs to the wing scales (tegulae). The notaulices or parapsids, longitudinal furrows on the middle section of the trunk (mesonotum) present in many hymenoptera, are present in the wasps, but only weakly developed and inconspicuous. The lateral section (mesopleure) of this segment has a mirror-like smooth field (speculum) in the upper part. The wings are characterized by a strongly reduced, characteristic wing vein. As complete, tubular veins there are only one marginal vein (costa) in the forewing and parallel to it a second longitudinal vein (subcosta + radius), which extend to the well-developed pterostigma and thus form a well-developed costal cell. Close to the outside (apical) of the pterostigm, a cross vein reaches the wing edge and forms a second, small cell. All other veins, if at all still recognizable, are only rudimentarily preserved as pale brown or yellow lines. Only in the (Australian) subfamily Austrocynipinae are they more evident, so that here three longitudinal veins (with media and cubitus) are visible up to the wing edge. In a few species the wings of the females are reduced.
The free abdomen (metasoma or gaster) begins with a tubular stalk (petiolus), which is always quite short, sometimes it is covered by the second segment, which protrudes forward, and cannot be seen from above. The second section of the Gaster is by far the widest, anatomically it consists of the abdominal segments 3 to 5, which have grown together with no noticeable seams. Almost only the broad tergum is visible, while the abdominal plate (sternum) is largely covered by it. The adjoining abdominal tergites 6 and 7 are freely developed, but quite short, the sternites of these segments fused to form a subgenital plate. The segments 8 and 9 are drawn into the abdomen like a telescope and are not visible from the outside. In the female wasps, the shape of the abdomen is characteristic of the family. This is always curved towards the abdomen and usually ends in a point that consists of the heavily sclerotized ovipositor sheaths, the ovipositor itself is enclosed in it and, with the exception of the point, is not visible.
Way of life
The larvae of the wasps are, as is typical for all related groups, parasitoids of insect larvae; but at least one species, Phaneroserphus calcar , parasitized, very unusual for Hymenoptera, as well as the centipede Lithobius forficatus . Otherwise, hosts are predominantly beetle larvae of the families Staphylinidae , Carabidae , Nitidulidae and about ten other families. Other hosts for a few species are fungus gnats (Diptera, Mycetophilidae ), sciarid gnats ( Sciaridae ) and rottenwood moths (Lepidoptera, Oecophoridae ). All parasitized groups are either scattered or living on the ground, mostly in forests. The parasite larvae live in the host, depending on the species, as endoparasitoid either individually (solitary) or several in the same host ( gregarious ). The female lays her eggs in the host from early spring to midsummer, depending on the species, the parasite larva then usually overwinters in the host and hatches in the following spring, there are also imaginal overwinterers. Pupation takes place in a characteristic way: the larva, ready to pupate, leaves the dead host through the segmental membranes of the abdomen, but remains anchored in it with its rear end. The gregarious parasitoid pupae then protrude in rows from the abdomen of the host larva. A cocoon is not formed.
Even in the imaginal stage, wasps prefer cool, humid habitats such as forests and wetlands. The flight time of most species is in Central Europe in late summer to autumn with a maximum in August and September. As a rule, there is only one generation per year (monovoltine).
distribution
Zirconia wasps are found almost worldwide. The main area of distribution is in relatively cool climates, the number of species decreases towards the tropics. Only 10 species from two genera are known from sub-Saharan Africa. Many genera and species have a large distribution area, some are palearctic from Europe to Japan.
Taxonomy, phylogeny, systematics
The family is divided into two subfamilies:
- Subfamily Austroserphinae. Only 3 genera with 4 species in Australia, New Guinea and South America
- Subfamily Proctotrupinae
The Zehrwasps are the type family of the superfamily Proctotrupoidea or Zehrwespenlike. This otherwise only includes relic families with few species worldwide (the Diapriidae family, which was previously assigned to a large number of species, is now usually separated into its own superfamily Diaprioidea). All of the relatives are presumably very old. It belongs to a poorly characterized family group of mostly small species (formerly often called "microhymenoptera"), the Proctotrupomorpha, which used to be regarded as the embarrassment taxon of groups that could not be accommodated elsewhere, but is possibly monophyletic. According to both morphological and molecular results, the most likely sister groups of the wasps themselves are either the Heloridae or the Vanhorniidae .
Serphidae is synonymous with the family name.
Fossils
Closely related and possible ancestral group of the family is the Mesoserphidae family, which has been documented from the lower Jurassic , for example, from the famous Karatau ( Qaratau ) fossil deposit in Kazakhstan. Fossils of the family themselves have been known from China and Mongolia since the early Cretaceous . The finds from the Eocene Baltic amber and Young Oocene compression fossils from limestone from Florissant (Colorado, USA) are already assigned to living (recent) genera.
swell
- Lubomir Masner: Superfamily Proctotrupoidea. In: Henry Goulet & John T. Huber (editors): Hymenoptera of the world, an identification key to families. Agriculture Canada. Research Branch. IV Series: Publication. 1993. ISBN 0-660-14933-8 .
- Hubert Pschorn-Walcher: Hymenoptera Heloridae et Proctotrupidae. Insecta Helvetica Fauna 4th published by the Swiss Entomological Society, 1971.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Alexandre P. Aguiar et al. (2013): Order Hymenoptera. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Editor): Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda 2013). Zootaxa, 3703, 1-82.
- ↑ Liu, J., He J., & Xu Z. (2011): Study on the genus Phaneroserphus Pschorn-Walcher, 1958 (Hymenoptera, Proctotrupidae) from China. Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica 36 (2): 257-263.
- ^ BR Critchley (1973): Parasitism of the larvae of some Carabidae (Coleoptera). Journal of Entomology Series A 48 (1): 37-42.
- ↑ Victor A. Kolyada & Mike B. Mostovski (2007): On a putative Gondwanan relic Afroserphus bicornis Masner (Hymenoptera: Proctotrupidae), with a description of the hitherto unknown female. African Invertebrates Vol. 48 (2): 261-265.
- ↑ Austroserphinae. The Proctotrupidae (Hymenoptera) of the World. (Scratchpads biodiversity online)
- ^ Norman F. Johnson (1992): Catalog of the world species of Proctotrupoidea, exclusive of Platygastridae (Hymenoptera). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute No. 51.
- ↑ Seraina Klopfstein, Lars Vilhelmsen, John M. Heraty, Michael Sharkey, Fredrik Ronquist (2013): The Hymenopteran Tree of Life: Evidence from Protein-Coding Genes and Objectively Aligned Ribosomal Data. Data. PLoS ONE 8 (8): e69344. doi : 10.1371 / journal.pone.0069344
- ↑ H. Zhang & J. Zhang (2001): Proctotrupoid wasps (Insecta, Hymenoptera) from the Yixian formation of Western Liaoning province. Acta micropalaeontologica sinica 18 (1): 11-28.
- ↑ Victor A. Kolyada & Mike B. Mostovski (2007): Revision of Proctotrupidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) Described by Ch T. Brues from Baltic amber.. Zootaxa 1661: 29-38.
- ↑ Victor A. Kolyada (2009): Revision of Some Parasitic Wasps (Hymenoptera: Proctotrupoidea sensu lato) from the Florissant Locality, United States. Paleontological Journal Vol. 43, No. 2: 191-196.
