Profinet
Profinet ( Pro cess fi eld Net work ) is the open Industrial Ethernet standard of the PROFIBUS User Organization e. V. (PNO) for automation. Profinet uses TCP / IP and IT standards, is real-time capable and enables the integration of fieldbus systems.
The Profinet concept has a modular structure so that the user can choose the functionality himself. Profinet is used to connect decentralized peripherals to a control (controller). The available functions and real-time properties are divided into four conformity classes CC-A, CC-B, CC-C and CC-D for different areas of application.
Use of Profinet
overview
Profinet IO allows the connection of decentralized peripherals to a controller and can therefore be seen as a direct successor to Profibus DP . Profinet IO describes the entire data exchange between devices with control or regulatory functions as an IO controller and the field devices as IO devices for the cyclic exchange of data and the parameter setting and diagnostics. Profinet IO uses Ethernet-based protocols for this purpose, follows the producer / consumer model and, depending on the conformity class, is suitable for bus cycle times from several ms down to 31.25 μs.
Field devices in a subordinate fieldbus line can be integrated into the Profinet IO system via an IO proxy (representative for a subordinate bus system). This means that existing Profibus and other fieldbus systems can be easily integrated into a Profinet IO system and used further.
Conformity classes
The applications with Profinet IO can be divided into four classes:
- In the class A (CC-A) , only the devices used are certified. A manufacturer certificate is sufficient for the network infrastructure. This is why structured cabling or a wireless local area network for mobile users can also be used. Typical applications can be found in infrastructure constructions (e.g. motorway or train tunnels ) or in building automation .
- The Class B (CC-B) requires that the network infrastructure includes certified products and is structured according to the guidelines of Profinet IO. Shielded cables increase robustness and switches with management functions facilitate network diagnostics and allow the network topology to be recorded as required for the control of a production line or machine. Process automation requires increased availability, which can be achieved through media and system redundancy.
- With class C (CC-C) , with an additional bandwidth reservation and the synchronization of the applications z. B. positioning systems are realized.
- With class D (CC-D) , Profinet is used via Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN). The same functions can be achieved here as with the CC-C. In contrast to CC A&B, with CC-D all communication (cyclic and acyclic) between controller and device takes place on Ethernet layer 2. The Remote Service Interface (RSI) was introduced for this purpose.
| conditions | Class A (CC-A) | Class B (CC-B) | Class C (CC-C) | Class D (CC-D) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Basic functions |
|
|
|
|
| Certification |
|
|
|
|
| cabling |
according to IEC 61784-5-3 and IEC 24702
|
according to IEC 61784-5-3
|
according to IEC 61784-5-3
|
according to IEC 61784-5-3
|
| Typical use |
|
|
|
|
Device types
Profinet devices can take on the following roles:
- IO controller is a controller that controls the automation task.
- IO device is a field device that is monitored and controlled by an IO controller. An IO device consists of several modules and submodules. The submodules contain the individual input and output signals for the process.
- IO supervisor is an engineering tool, typically based on a PC, to parameterize and diagnose the individual IO devices.
System structure
A minimal Profinet IO system consists of at least one IO controller that controls one or more IO devices. In addition, one or more IO supervisors can optionally be temporarily switched on for engineering the IO devices.
If two IO systems are in the same IP network, the IO controllers can also share an input signal as a shared input in which they have read access to the same submodule in an IO device. This simplifies the combination of a PLC with a separate safety control or motion control . An entire IO device can also be shared as a shared device in which individual submodules of an IO device are assigned to different IO controllers.
Each automation device with an Ethernet interface can simultaneously fulfill the functionality of an IO controller and an IO device. If a controller acts as an IO device for a partner controller and simultaneously controls its peripherals as an IO controller, the tasks between controllers can be coordinated without additional devices.
Relationships
An application relation (AR) is established between an IO controller and an IO device. Communication relations (CR) with different properties are defined via this AR:
- Record data CR for the acyclic parameter transfer
- IO Data CR for the cyclical exchange of process data
- Alarm CR for the signaling of alarms in real time
Cyclic data (IO Data CR): The content of the cyclic data traffic is the data that the central unit sends to the peripheral devices so that they can be output at the outputs, as well as the data that a peripheral device reads in at its inputs and is sent to the for processing Central unit sends. As a rule, such a “cyclical” data packet goes from the central unit as a “provider” to the peripheral device as a “consumer” and, independently of this, a data packet from the peripheral device as a “provider” to the central unit as a “consumer”.
The basis for this is a cascadable real-time concept, i. H. A different cycle time can be defined for each cyclic CR. This basic function is called "RT" (Real Time). The cyclic data traffic can have additional properties depending on the requirements. With isochronous data exchange, the application functions are synchronized with the Profinet data cycle so that no time is lost during data transfer. With an isochronous data cycle, the cyclic data exchange of several cyclic CRs is synchronized in both directions. This is called "IRT" (Isochronous Real Time).
For the cyclic data, Profinet strives for the most efficient transmission possible in terms of bandwidth. This is why the cyclic traffic is based directly on the MAC address level and does not contain any IP addresses in order to keep the header length of the data packet (and thus also the total length and processing time in the device) small. Since the automation tasks for Profinet IO are usually locally limited (one machine / system), you can get over the loss of routing capability that you have to put up with by not having to use IP header information.
Acyclic parameter data (Record Data CR): In addition, there is also acyclic data traffic in the data exchange between the central unit and peripheral device, which is used for events that do not repeat themselves continuously. Examples of acyclic data traffic are the sending of parameterization and configuration data to the device when a peripheral device starts up or the sending of a diagnostic message from the peripheral device to the central unit during operation.
Acyclic data use the UDP / IP or the RSI protocol.
Acyclic alarm data (Alarm CR): Alarms are special acyclic messages that are transmitted from the peripheral device to the controller when required. These are time-critical and, like the cyclic data, are therefore transmitted directly via Ethernet. In contrast to the cyclic data, these must be confirmed by the recipient.
Engineering
The “look and feel” of projecting an IO system is almost identical to that of Profibus:
- The properties of an IO device are described by the device manufacturer in a GSD file (General Station Description). The language used for this is GSDML (GSD Markup Language) - an XML- based language. The GSD file is used by an engineering environment as the basis for planning the configuration of a Profinet IO system.
- All Profinet field devices determine their neighbors. This means that field devices can be exchanged in the event of a fault without additional tools or prior knowledge. By reading out this information, the system topology can be graphically displayed for better clarity.
- With the support of the Tool Calling Interface (TCI), every field device manufacturer can connect to any TCI-capable development environment and parameterize and diagnose "his" field devices without having to leave the development environment. Individually set data can be loaded from all manufacturers (e.g. via TCI) and automatically archived in a parameter server. The reloading takes place automatically when the device is replaced.
reliability
Profinet is also increasingly used in critical applications. There is always a risk that the required functions cannot be fulfilled. This risk can be reduced through targeted measures and thus the reliability can be increased. The focus is on the following objectives:
- Safety: ensuring functional safety. The system should go into a safe state in the event of an error.
- Availability: Increasing the availability . The system should still be able to provide the minimum required function in the event of an error.
- Security: With the information security system integrity should be ensured.
These goals can hinder or complement one another.
Functional safety: Profisafe
Profisafe defines how safety-related devices ( emergency stop buttons , light grids , overfill protection devices , ...) communicate with safety controllers via Profinet so safely that they can be used in safety-related automation tasks up to SIL3 ( Safety Integrity Level ). It implements secure communication via a profile, i. H. via a special format of the user data and a special protocol. Profisafe is specified for Profinet and Profibus in the IEC 61784-3 standard and forms the basis for OPC UA Safety.
Increased availability
High availability is one of the most important requirements in industrial automation in both factory and process automation. The availability of an automation system can be increased by specifically adding redundancy for critical elements. A distinction can be made between system and media redundancy.
System redundancy
System redundancy can also be implemented with Profinet to increase availability . In this case, two IO controllers that control the same IO device are configured. The active IO controller marks its output data as primary . Output data that are not marked are ignored by an IO device in a redundant IO system. This means that in the event of an error, the second IO controller can take control of all IO devices without interruption by marking its output data as primary. How the two IO controllers synchronize their task is not specified in Profinet and is implemented differently by the various manufacturers who offer redundant control systems.
Media redundancy
Profinet offers two media redundancy solutions. The Media Redundancy Protocol (MRP) allows a protocol-independent ring topology to be set up with a switchover time of less than 50 ms. This is often sufficient for standard real-time communication with Profinet. The "Media Redundancy for Planned Duplication" (MRPD) must be used as a seamless media redundancy concept for switching over the redundancy in the event of an error without a time delay. In the MRPD, the cyclic real-time data is transmitted in both directions in the ring-shaped topology. A time stamp in the data packet allows the recipient to remove the redundant duplicates.
safety
The IT security concept for PROFINET is based on a defense-in-depth approach. The production plant is protected against attacks, especially from outside, by a multi-level perimeter, including firewalls . In addition, further protection is possible within the system by dividing it into zones using firewalls. In addition, a security component test ensures that the Profinet components are resistant to overload to a defined extent. This concept is supported by organizational measures in the production plant as part of a security management system in accordance with ISO 27001 .
Application profiles
For the devices involved in an automation solution to work together smoothly, their basic functions and services must match. The standardization is achieved through "profiles" with binding specifications for the functions and services. The possible functions of communication with Profinet are restricted and additional specifications about the function of the field device are prescribed. This can involve properties across device classes such as safety-relevant behavior (Common Application Profiles) or device class-specific properties (Specific Application Profiles). A distinction is made between these
- Device Profiles for e.g. B. Robots, drives ( PROFIdrive ), process devices, encoders, pumps
- Industry profiles for e.g. B. laboratory technology or rail vehicles
- Integration profiles for the integration of subsystems such as B. IO-Link systems
Drives
PROFIdrive is the modular device profile for drive units . It was developed jointly by manufacturers and users in the 1990s and has since covered the entire range from the simplest to the most sophisticated drive solutions in conjunction with Profibus and, from version 4.0, also with Profinet.
PROFIenergy
PROFIenergy is a profile for energy management in production plants. Via Profinet, it controls the consumption of electrical energy by automation equipment in production such as B. robot assembly cells, laser cutting systems or subsystems such as painting systems . The energy consumption itself is controlled using standardized commands that are used to switch the devices on and off in the event of planned and unplanned interruptions in production. With the use of PROFIenergy, external hard-wired systems are no longer required for switching automation devices on and off. With PROFIenergy, the acquisition of energy values is also defined so that superimposed energy monitoring systems can be read in uniformly.
Process automation
Modern process devices have their own intelligence and can take over part of the information processing or the overall functionality in automation systems. For integration in a Profinet system, a two-wire Ethernet is required in addition to increased availability.
Process devices
The PA Devices profile defines all functions and parameters for various classes of process devices that are typical in process devices for the signal flow from the sensor signal from the process to the preprocessed process value that is read out to the control system together with a measured value status. The PA Devices profile contains device data sheets for
- Pressure and differential pressure
- Level, temperature and flow
- Analog and digital inputs and outputs
- Valves and actuators
- Analyzers
Advanced Physical Layer (APL)
Ethernet should also be able to be transmitted via the two-wire cables according to IEC 61158-2 cable type A, which are common in process automation. This was defined by the IEEE P802.3cg project in 2018 as an extension of the IEEE 802.3 Ethernet standard with the designation 10BASE-T1L . The transmission takes place with a bit rate of 10 Mbit / s, is coded 4B3T and modulated as PAM-3 and transmitted with 7.5 M baud full duplex . The participants can be supplied with up to 60 W power via the same cable.
APL power switches provide the connectivity between all standard Ethernet networks and field devices and supply the APL field switches and field devices with electrical energy. The structure consists of a " trunk " cable with a maximum of 1000 meters between the APL field switches and the "trace" cable with a maximum of 200 meters between an APL field switch and a field device.
In process automation, the environment is often at risk of explosion . In the IEC 60079 standard, a version 10BASE-T1L has therefore been defined, where the power on the cable is limited so that installation is also permitted in Zone 1 and 0 hazardous areas . A maximum distance of 1000 meters is achieved for the trunk cables with the Ex e type of protection , while the cable length for the trace cables remains Ex ia ( intrinsic safety ) at 200 meters.
technology
Profinet protocols
| OSI layer (de) | OSI layer (s) | Profinet | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 7a | application | Application | Fieldbus Application Layer (FAL) services and protocols |
OPC UA | |||
| 7b | RSI | empty | empty | RPC | - | ||
| 6th | presentation | Presentation | - | ||||
| 5 | meeting | session | |||||
| 4th | transport | transport | UDP | TCP | |||
| 3 | network | Network | IP | ||||
| 2 | Fuse | Data link | TSN | CSMA / CD | |||
| 1 | Bit transfer | Physical | Ethernet | ||||
Profinet uses the following protocols in the various layers of the OSI model :
Layers 1-2: Only full duplex with 100 Mbit / s electrical ( 100BASE-TX ) or optical ( 100BASE-FX ) according to IEEE 802.3 are permitted as device connections. Autocrossover is mandatory for all connections so that the use of crossed cables can be avoided. From IEEE 802.1Q, the VLAN with priority tagging is used. All real-time data is given the highest possible priority 6 and is therefore forwarded by a switch with a minimal delay.
The Profinet protocol can be recorded and displayed with any Ethernet analysis tool. Wireshark also decodes the Profinet telegrams in the current version.
The Link Layer Discovery Protocol ( LLDP ) has been expanded with additional parameters so that in addition to the detection of neighbors, the transit time of the signals on the connecting lines can also be communicated.
Layers 3-6: Either the Remote Service Interface (RSI) protocol or the Remote Procedure Call (RPC) protocol is used to establish the connection and the acyclic services . The RPC protocol is used via User Datagram Protocol (UDP) and Internet Protocol (IP) with the use of IP addresses . The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is expanded to include the detection of duplicate IP addresses. The Discovery and Basic Configuration Protocol (DCP) is mandatory for assigning the IP addresses. The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) can also be used as an option . IP addresses are not used with the RSI protocol. This means that the Internet protocol can be used in the field device's operating system for other protocols such as OPC Unified Architecture (UPC UA).
Layer 7: In order to achieve the services of the Fieldbus Application Layer (FAL), various protocols are defined. The RT (Real-Time) protocol for class A & B applications with cycle times in the order of 1 - 10 ms. The IRT (Isochronous Real-Time) protocol for application class C allows cycle times under 1 ms for applications in drive technology. This can also be achieved with the same services via Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN).
Functionalities of the conformity classes
The functionalities of Profinet IO are implemented with different technologies and protocols:
| Functionality | Technology / protocol | CC-A | CC-B | CC-C | CC-D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cyclic data exchange Acyclic parameter data Device diagnostics, alarms Device identification Topology information |
RT Read / Write Record Alarm handling I&M 0 LLDP |
imperative | imperative | imperative | imperative |
| Multiple access to inputs Allocation of device functions to controls Extended device identification |
Shared input shared device I&M 1-4 |
optional | optional | optional | optional |
| Network diagnostics Port-related statistics |
SNMP PDEV |
- | imperative | imperative | imperative |
| System redundancy | 2 controllers | - | mandatory for process automation | optional | optional |
| Automatic addressing Configuration changes during operation Time stamping of process data Media redundancy Fast restart |
LLDP , DCP DR IEC 61588 MRP FSU |
- | optional | optional | optional |
| Bandwidth reservation> 250 μs cycle time | IRT | - | - | imperative | - |
| Bandwidth reservation <250 microseconds cycle time Isochronous Optimized mode Media redundancy without latency |
IRT IRT, PTP DFP MRPD |
- | - | optional | - |
| Bandwidth reservation Isochronous mode at 100MB Optimized operating mode |
TSN TAS Frame Preemption |
- | - | - | imperative |
Class A (CC-A) functionalities
The basic function of Profinet IO is the cyclical data exchange between the IO controller as producer and several IO devices as consumers of the output data (English output data) and the IO devices as producers and the IO controller as consumer of the input data (English input -Data). Each IO data CR communication relationship between the IO controller and an IO device defines the number of data and the cycle times.
All Profinet IO devices must support device diagnostics and the secure transmission of alarms via the communication relationship for alarms Alarm CR .
In addition, device parameters can be read and written with each Profinet device via the acyclic communication relationship Record Data CR . The data record for the unique identification of an IO device, the Identification and Maintenance Data Set 0 (I&M 0), must be installed by all Profinet IO devices. Optionally, additional information can be stored in a standardized format as I&M 1-4.
For the real-time data (cyclical data and alarms), the Profinet RT telegrams are transmitted directly via Ethernet. UDP / IP is used for the transmission of the acyclic data.
Class B (CC-B) functionalities
In addition to the basic functions of class A, devices of class B must support additional functionalities. These functionalities mainly support the commissioning, operation and maintenance of a Profinet IO system and are intended to increase the availability of the Profinet IO system.
Support for network diagnostics with the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is essential. The Link Layer Discovery Protocol ( LLDP ) for neighborhood detection including the extensions for Profinet must also be supported by all Class B devices. This also includes collecting and making available statistics related to the Ethernet port for network maintenance. With these mechanisms, the topology of a Profinet IO network can be read out at any time and the status of the individual connections can be monitored. With a known network topology, automatic addressing of the participants can be activated via their position in the topology. This considerably simplifies device replacement during maintenance, since no more settings have to be made.
High availability of the IO system is especially important for applications in process automation and process engineering. This is why special processes have been defined for class B devices with the existing relationships and protocols. This enables system redundancy to be implemented with two IO controllers that access the same IO devices at the same time. In addition, there is a prescribed Dynamic Reconfiguration (DR) sequence , how you can use these redundant relationships to change the configuration of an IO device without losing control of the IO device.
Class C (CC-C) functionalities
The Isochronous-Real-Time (IRT) protocol is primarily used for the functionalities of Conformance Class C (CC-C) .
With the bandwidth reservation , part of the available transmission bandwidth of 100 Mbit / s is reserved exclusively for real-time tasks. A method similar to a time division multiplex method is used here. The bandwidth is divided into fixed cycle times, which in turn are divided into phases. The red phase is reserved exclusively for class C real-time data, the time-critical messages are transmitted in the orange phase and the other Ethernet messages are transparently passed through in the green phase. The green phase must be at least 125 μs long so that maximum Ethernet telegrams can still be passed through transparently. Cycle times below 250 μs are therefore not possible in combination with unchanged Ethernet.
In order to achieve shorter cycle times down to 31.25 μs, the Ethernet telegrams of the green phase can be broken down into fragments as an option. These short fragments are now transmitted over the green phase. This fragmentation mechanism is transparent to the other participants on the Ethernet and therefore not recognizable.
For the implementation of these bus cycles for the bandwidth reservation, an exact clock synchronization of all devices involved including the switch with a maximum deviation of 1 μs is required. This clock synchronization is implemented with the Precision Time Protocol (PTP) according to the IEC 61588 standard . All devices involved in the bandwidth reservation must therefore be in the same time domain.
For position control applications for several axes or for positioning processes according to the PROFIdrive drive profile of application classes 4 - 6, not only must communication take place in a timely manner, but the actions of the various drives on a Profinet must also be coordinated and synchronous. The clock synchronization of the application program with the bus cycle enables control functions to be implemented that are executed synchronously on distributed devices.
If several Profinet devices are connected in a line ( daisy chain ), it is possible to further optimize the cyclic data exchange with Dynamic Frame Packing (DFP) . For this purpose, the controller places all output data for all devices in a single IRT frame. Each device takes the data intended for the device from the IRT frame as it passes, so the IRT frame becomes shorter and shorter. The IRT frame is composed dynamically for the data from the various devices to the controller. The great efficiency of the DFP lies in the fact that the IRT frame is only as extensive as necessary and the data from the controller to the devices can be transmitted simultaneously with the data from the devices to the controller in full duplex .
Class D (CC-D) functionalities
Class D offers the user the same services as class C, with the difference that these services are provided with the IEEE-defined mechanisms of time-sensitive networking (TSN).
The Remote Service Interface (RSI) is used as a replacement for the Internet protocols. This means that this application class D is implemented independently of IP addresses. The protocol stack is becoming smaller and independent of future Internet versions ( IPv6 ).
The TSN is not a consistent, closed protocol definition, but a collection of different protocols with different characteristics that can be put together almost at will for every application. A subset in the IEC / IEEE standard 60802 "Joint Profile TSN for Industrial Automation" is put together for use in industrial automation. A subset is used in the Profinet specification version 2.4 for the implementation of class D.
Two applications are distinguished in this specification:
- Isochronous , cyclic data exchange with short, limited latency (Isochronous Cyclic Real Time) for applications in motion control and distributed control technology
- cyclic data exchange with limited latency time (cyclic real time) for general automation tasks
The participants' clocks must be synchronized for isochronous data exchange. The specifications of the Precision Time Protocol according to IEC 61588 for time synchronization with TSN are adapted accordingly.
The frames are placed in queues according to the priorities provided in the VLAN tag . With the Time-Aware-Shaper (TAS) . a cycle is now specified with which the individual queues are processed in a switch. This leads to a time slot procedure in which the isochronous, cyclic data with the highest priority and the cyclic data with the second priority are transmitted before all acyclic data. This reduces the latency and also the jitter for the cyclic data. If a data telegram with low priority lasts too long, it can be interrupted by a cyclic data telegram with high priority and then transferred again. This process is known as frame preemption and is mandatory for CC-D.
realization
For the implementation of a Profinet interface as a controller or device, there are no additional hardware requirements for Profinet IO (CC-A and CC-B) that are not met with a conventional Ethernet interface ( 100BASE-TX or 100BASE-FX ) can be. To enable a simpler line topology, we recommend installing a switch with 2 ports in a device.
For the implementation of the devices of class C (CC-C) an extension of the hardware with a time synchronization with the Precision Time Protocol (PTP) and the functionalities of the bandwidth reservation is necessary, for devices of the class D (CC-D) the hardware must have the Support the required functionalities of Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) according to the IEEE standards.
The implementation method depends on the design and scope of the device and the expected quantities. The alternatives are
- Development in-house or at a service provider
- Use of finished building blocks or individual design
- Execution in fixed design ASIC , reconfigurable in FPGA technology, as a plug-in module or as a software component.
history
At the general meeting of the Profibus user organization in 2000, the first concrete discussions for a successor to Profibus based on Ethernet took place. Just one year later, the first component-based automation (CBA) specification was published and presented at the Hanover Fair. In 2002 the Profinet CBA became part of the international standard IEC 61158 / IEC 61784-1 .
A Profinet CBA system consists of various automation components. A component includes all mechanical, electrical and information technology parameters. The component can have been created with the usual programming tools. A Profinet Component Description (PCD) file is created in XML to describe a component . A planning tool loads these descriptions and allows the creation of the logical connections between the individual components for the implementation of a system.
The basic idea behind Profinet CBA was that in many cases an entire automation system can be broken down into autonomously working - and thus manageable - subsystems. The structure and functionality can be found in several systems in identical or slightly modified form. Such so-called Profinet components are normally controlled by a manageable number of input signals. A control program written by the user executes the required functionality within the component and sends the corresponding output signals to another controller. The communication of a component-based system is projected instead of programmed. Communication with Profinet CBA was suitable for bus cycle times of approx. 50 to 100 ms.
Individual systems show how these concepts can be successfully implemented in practice. However, Profinet CBA does not find the expected acceptance in the market and is no longer listed in the IEC 61784-1 standard from the 4th edition of 2014.
In 2003 the first specification of Profinet IO (IO = Input Output) is published. The application interface of the Profibus DP (DP = decentralized periphery), which is successful on the market, is adopted and supplemented with current protocols from the Internet. In the following year the expansion with isochronous transmission follows, which makes Profinet IO also suitable for motion control applications. Profisafe is adapted so that it can also be used via Profinet. With AIDA's clear commitment to Profinet in 2004, there is acceptance in the market. In 2006 Profinet IO becomes part of the international standard IEC61158 / IEC 61784-2 .
According to the neutral count, 1 million Profinet devices were installed in 2007, and this number doubles to 2 million the following year. By 2019, the various manufacturers reported a total of 26 million units sold.
In 2019, the specification for Profinet with TSN was completed and thus the conformity class CC-D was introduced.
literature
- Manfred Popp: Industrial communication with PROFINET . PROFIBUS User Organization eV (Order No. 4.181).
- Manfred Popp: The PROFINET IO book . Basics and tips for users. Heidelberg, Hüthig 2005, ISBN 3-7785-2966-8 .
- Mark Metter, Raimond Pigan: PROFINET - Industrial communication based on Industrial Ethernet basics . 2nd Edition. Publicis Corp. Publ., Erlangen 2007, ISBN 978-3-89578-293-0 .
- Profinet system description (PDF; 7 different languages)
Web links
- PI: Profinet description , information on Profinet (English)
- PI: Profinet case studies , examples from all over the world where Profinet is used
- PI North America: Profinet & Industrial Ethernet , systematic information on Profinet as an Industrial Ethernet solution (English)
- YouTube: Profinet film , animated video explaining the basic network properties and parameters (German)
Individual evidence
- ↑ PROFIsafe system description. In: Documentation. Profinet International, 2016, accessed October 2, 2019 .
- ↑ Safety over OPC UA Based on PROFIsafe. In: press release. Profinet International, 2019, accessed October 2, 2019 .
- ↑ Security extensions for Profinet. In: PI White Paper. Profinet International, 2019, accessed October 2, 2019 .
- ↑ Improving Industrial Control System Cybersecurity with Defense-in-Depth Strategies. (PDF) In: Recommended Practice. Department of Homeland Security, 2016, accessed October 2, 2019 .
- ↑ How to get a certificate for a Profinet device. In: Test and Certification. Profinet International, 2019, accessed October 2, 2019 .
- ↑ List of profiles. In: PI Profile. Profinet International, accessed October 9, 2019 .
- ↑ PROFINET - The Solution Platform for Process Automation. In: PI White Paper. Profinet International, 2018, accessed October 9, 2019 .
- ↑ Process Control Devices. In: PI Specification. Profinet International, May 9, 2018, accessed October 9, 2019 .
- ↑ Advanced Physical Layer APL. In: PI White Paper. Profinet International, 2018, accessed October 9, 2019 .
- ↑ Profinet over TSN guideline. In: PI Specification. Profinet International, 2019, accessed October 30, 2019 .
- ↑ IEEE 802.1ASrev Timing and Synchronization. In: 802 standard. IEEE, accessed October 31, 2019 .
- ↑ IEEE 802.1Qbv Enhancements for Scheduled Traffic. In: 802 standard. IEEE, accessed October 30, 2019 .
- ↑ IEEE 802.1Qbu Frame Preemption. In: 802 standard. IEEE, accessed October 31, 2019 .
- ↑ PROFINET technology, the easy way to PROFINET documentation Profinet International
- ↑ Profinet, Technology and Application First, historical version of the system description for Profinet CBA
- ↑ AIDA drives Profinet automation initiative of German automobile manufacturers
- ↑ Profisafe and IO-Link exceed the 10 million mark Press release from Profinet International
- ↑ Specification of Profinet completed with TSN Press release from Profinet International