Pronominal adverb
A pronominal adverb (also: prepositional adverb, pro-adverb ) is a compound word in German grammar that consists of a preposition and a word part that takes up something previously mentioned, for example the form for it from the preposition for and a pronominally functioning element there - . The entire word is then usually classified as an adverb in German grammar . The pronominal adverbs belong to the non-inflectable words.
By some linguists the Pronominal be a part of speech under the group of pronouns subsumed. From this perspective, their reference and substitute function leads to classification in the group of pronouns. As such, they are used there as adverbial pronouns , i.e. H. Considered adverbial plus pronoun.
Word structure of the pronominal adverbs
Pronominal adverbs are words that contain one of the three adverbs “da”, “here” or “where” as the first component (= first constituent ) and the second component is a preposition . Because of this specific word structure, they are also called prepositional adverbs . Examples are: for, for what; so, herewith, with what .
If the preposition begins with a vowel , the adverbs “da” and “wo” are used in their original form, “dar” or “wor”, which is no longer used today. Examples: on, about, in, about what . Conversely, in the southern part of the German-speaking area (southern Germany, Switzerland, Austria), before prepositions that begin with a consonant , the adverb "here" is sometimes used in its now antiquated form "hie": hiemit, hienach, hiezu .
Pronominal adverbs can only be formed with the following 19 prepositions:
- all 9 dual prepositions: an, on, in, behind, next to, in front of, over, under, between
- the short and frequently used ones: from, at, through, for, against, with, after, around, from, to
So there is the word "with it", but not the word "without it".
Due to the fact that the forms contain a preposition, their (traditional) classification in the category of adverbs is not undisputed. In the linguistic literature they are also sometimes combined with the prepositions, i.e. H. due to the equivalence of for and for as prepositional phrases in a single word. (The indistinguishability of word and phrase is typical for pronominal elements in general.) See also under: Adverb # Adverb, pronoun and preposition .
Functions of the pronominal adverbs
The term pronominal adverb , like the pro-adverb, indicates a function that these words can perform in a sentence: Just like pronouns , they can also represent parts of sentences in the sentence and assume their grammatical function. If one starts from a sentence like “With this hammer he struck the stake in the earth”, then the sentence element “with this hammer” has the function of an adverbial definition . If the hammer was already mentioned immediately before, this part of the sentence can now be replaced by the pronominal adverb "thus". This is also a clause with the same adverbial function. The term pronominal adverb also characterizes the word as a substitute for a longer expression.
Pronominal adverbs cannot be used in relation to persons, only in relation to things. In the case of persons, only the personal pronoun can be used instead of the adverb “da” or “here” and only the relative or question pronoun instead of “where”, e.g. B. with him, with her instead of with, with or by whom instead of what . So it is when a person is meant "I can not remember him / her (not mind ) remember", and if one thing is meant "I can to it (not on it ) remember" . Or when a person is meant: “Who (not what ) are you thinking of?” The corresponding formulation for a thing “what are you thinking of?” Occurs in the spoken language ; formally correct, however, is “what are you thinking about?” . Two exceptions are the pronominal adverbs “thereof” and “under”; these can also be used in relation to people: “I saw numerous people, including (or among them ) some children”, “He had many friends; one of them (or one of them ) visited him regularly ”.
Further functions of the pronominal adverbs can be:
- Attribute (his contribution "to")
- Introduction of subordinate clauses (She came early, "which" everyone was happy about.)
- Reference back in the text (= anaphor ) (It came quickly. She was very happy about that.)
- Reference in the text (= cataphor ) (" That was what" happened: Again there were violent arguments.)
- Reference to something in the conversation situation (someone points to an object and says: "You should work with it") (see also object deixis )
List of the most common pronominal adverbs in the German language
| preposition | Adverb da + preposition | Adverb here + preposition | Adverb wo + preposition |
|---|---|---|---|
| at | with it | here | in which |
| by | thereby | through this | whereby |
| For | for this | therefor | for what |
| against | on the other hand | against this | against what |
| Behind | behind | behind | behind |
| With | in order to | herewith | by which |
| to | after that | afterwards | after which |
| Next | Besides | next to it | besides |
| on | on it | here | at what |
| on | thereon | on this | on what |
| out | from it | from this | from what |
| in | in this | here in | wherein |
| over | about that | about this | about what |
| around | therefore | here, at | for what |
| under | underneath | below | under what |
| from | from that | of this | About what |
| in front | before | before | from what |
| to | to | For this | what for |
| between | between | in between | in between |
literature
- Hadumod Bußmann (Ed.) With the collaboration of Hartmut Lauffer: Lexikon der Sprachwissenschaft. 4th, revised and bibliographically supplemented edition. Kröner, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-520-45204-7 .
- Duden . The grammar. 7th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim / Leipzig / Vienna / Zurich 2005, ISBN 3-411-04047-5 , p. 585ff.
- Duden. Correct and good German dictionary for linguistic cases of doubt. 6th edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim / Leipzig / Vienna / Zurich 2007, ISBN 978-3-411-04096-4 , article Pronominaldverb, pp. 738–742.
- Jürg Fleischer : The syntax of pronominal adverbs in the dialects of German: An investigation into preposition stranding and related phenomena. Steiner, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-515-08237-9 .
- Helmut Glück (Ed.), With the collaboration of Friederike Schmöe : Metzler Lexikon Sprache. 4th edition, Metzler, Stuttgart / Weimar 2010, ISBN 3-476-02335-4 .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ modified from Ines Balcik, Klaus Röhe, Verena Wróbel: PONS Die Große Grammatik Deutsch. PONS, Stuttgart 2012, ISBN 978-3-12-561561-8 , pp. 356-357.
- ↑ Michaela Negele: Variants of the pronominal adverbs in New High German. Grammatical and sociolinguistic studies (= Studia Linguistica Germanica. Vol. 108). Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2012, ISBN 3-11-027328-4 .