Proto-Renaissance

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San Miniato al Monte (Florence)
Sant'Alessandro Maggiore (Lucca) . Medieval Corinthian capitals

Protorenaissance (also pre-renaissance ) is the name for a trend in architecture, painting and sculpture in the 11th and 12th centuries .

Areas of appearance of the Proto-Renaissance were mainly Tuscany and, to a lesser extent, Provence and central Italy. The term was coined by the Basel art historian Jacob Burckhardt (1818–1897).

Characteristic of the Protenaissance is the return to ancient models, which was unusual in this intensity for the Romanesque period . a. Expresses itself in the spatial conception or the marble cladding ( incrustation ) of buildings that consistently imitates Roman models.

These ideas only became a central design theme 400 years later with the Renaissance . There were u. a. the buildings of the Protenaissance in Florence , which Filippo Brunelleschi - one of the "fathers" of the Renaissance - inspired to his new ideas.

The art forms of the Proto-Renaissance also have political significance. With their use in Florence, for example, a clearly visible opposite position to the empire was taken. Florence was a Guelfi city, so it was on the side of the Pope against the Emperor, and that was also evident in the architecture. The emperor came from Germany and his architecture was that of the Romanesque. And in the 11th and 12th centuries Florence, with its pre-renaissance, took a stand against this lordly imperial architecture of the German emperor by referring to Italian antiquity, i.e. to the art forms of its own history.

Well-known examples in Florence are the Church of San Miniato al Monte (from 1013), the Baptistery of San Giovanni (consecrated in 1059) and the Church of Santi Apostoli (first mentioned in 1075), and in Pisa the building complex of the cathedral (from 1063), including the one as slate Tower of Pisa known Campanile , and in Lucca di Church of Sant'Alessandro Maggiore (first mentioned in 893), whereby the mentioned buildings are also assigned to the Romanesque .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Klaus Zimmermanns: Florence. 6th edition. DuMont, 1990, ISBN 3-7701-1441-8 , p. 20.

literature

  • Friedrich Rupp: Incrustation style of Romanesque architecture in Florence. Strasbourg 1912, pp. 114–149.
  • Walter Paatz: The main currents in the Florentine architecture of the early and high Middle Holders and their historical background. In: Communications from the Kunsthistorisches Institut in Florenz 1940, VI, pp. 33–72.
  • Walter W. Horn : Romanesque Churches in Florence. In: Art Bullettin. 1943, XXV, pp. 112-131.
  • Gabriele Morolli: La facciata romanica. In: La Badia Fiesolana. Florence 1976, pp. 32-56.
  • Romano Silva: La chiesa di Sant'Alessandro tra archeologia e ricerca documentaria . In: Max Seidel, Romano Silva (a cura di): Lucca città d'arte ei suoi archivi. Opere d'arte e testimonianze documentarie dal Medioevo al Novecento. Kunsthistorisches Institut in Florenz, Venice 2001, ISBN 88-317-7867-6 , pp. 59–96.